Gantt chart Essay

The phenomena of calendar effects in stock markets seem to be a center of curiosity for many researchers across the world. Following many studies about the significance of calendar anomalies, testing the presence of Monday effect and January effect appears to be an area of interest. The aim of this study is to discuss about calendar anomalies and its significance. It should be noted that the study will focus mainly on Monday effect and January effect on the stock returns of companies listed on SEM-7. The research proposal will consist mainly of the literature review part and the methodology part. 2.LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1DEFINITON OF BASIC CONCEPTS Calendar anomalies are effects which include apparently different behavior of stock markets on different days of the week, month and year. Calendar effect may also be defined as a collection of theories that state that certain days or month are subject to above price changes in stock market and can therefore represent good or bad times to invest. Brooks and Persand (2001) defined calendar effects as the tendency of stock returns â€Å"to display systematic patterns at certain times of the day, week, month or year †. As mentioned above, the study will discuss mainly on Monday effect and January effect. The day of the week effect also called Monday effect indicates that the average daily return of the market is not the same for all days of the week as we would expect on basis of Efficient Market theory. Monday effect is a theory which states that return of the last trading day is the highest and return on the first trading day is the lowest across the days of the week. January effect is a phenomenon whereby stocks claim higher rates of returns during January compared to any other month. Smaller stocks tend to beat bigger stocks during this period. The January effect also known as â€Å"year-end effect† indicates rise in price during the period starting on the last day of December and ending on the fifth trading day of January . The Stock Exchange of Mauritius was incorporated in Mauritius on March 30, 1989 as a private limited company responsible for the operation and promotion of an efficient and regulated securities market in Mauritius. The SEM operates two markets namely the official market and the Development & Enterprise Market (DEM). The study will focus only on the official market. On 31 March 1998, the Stock Exchange of Mauritius launched the index SEM-7, comprising companies listed on its official market. The SEM-7 comprises the seven largest qualified companies of the official market measured in terms of market capitalization, liquidity and investibility criteria. Therefore, the study will be based on the 7 companies in the SEM-7. 2.2Theoretical Explanation on Calendar effects EFFICIENT MARKET THEORY The growing number of studies proving the significance of calendar anomalies has led to doubts on â€Å"Efficient Market Hypothesis†. According to Fama (1970), â€Å"a capital market is efficient if all the information set is fully reflected in securities prices†. Efficient market hypothesis is one of the theories which states that, in whichever form, all the information is completely integrated in the share prices and therefore no one can beat the market. There are three form of market efficiency; weak form, semi-strong form and strong form based on set of information. The weak form efficiency states that no one can outperform the market based on past information while in the semi-strong form, despite using public information, the market cannot be beaten. The strong form efficiency states that no one can beat the market despite using past, public and private information. As a result, according to the efficient market theory, the calendar anomalies have no effect on the share prices and that no one can use this anomaly to gain abnormal returns. MONDAY EFFECT As already mentioned above, Monday effect, also known as weekend effect, is a theory according to which returns on Monday is less than the other trading days. Two hypotheses that have been formulated to explain Monday effect are Calendar Time Hypothesis and Trading Time Hypothesis. According to the Calendar Time Hypothesis, Monday’s average return will be different from the other days’ average returns. A reason for this difference is that Monday’s average return will be three times higher than the average returns of the other working days. According to Trading Time Hypothesis, the returns on stock are generated during a transaction. This indicates that average returns will be the same for all weekdays including Monday. JANUARY EFFECT January effect occurs when there is a general rise in stock prices during the month of January. January effect is also known as small firm in January effect because it is most frequently observed in small cap stocks . The nature of this anomaly suggests that the market is not efficient as market efficiency would suggest that this effect would disappear. The theories which explain January effect are: †¢Tax-Loss Selling Hypothesis This hypothesis was first suggested by Branch (1997) . In order to reduce tax liabilities, investors sell their loser stocks in December and create capital losses which they offset with the capital gain. Due to excessive selling of shares in December, stock prices are decreased and then investors purchase it again in early January which forces stock prices to rise. However, it is noteworthy of the fact that since in Mauritius, capital gains is not liable for tax purposes, this hypothesis cannot be used to explain January effect. †¢Window-dressing Hypothesis Some portfolio managers also do window dressing to their portfolio by creating January effect. Since they have to report their portfolio holding as at 31 December, they just sell riskier stocks before 31 December in order to make their portfolio look less risky on Annual Report. Later on, they just purchase the risky securities again in a view to earn high profits. †¢Information Release Hypothesis According to this hypothesis, also known as differential information effect, the excess January returns are the effect of significant information releases that occur in the first few days of January. This hypothesis relies on how discrepancy in the quantity of information available for different companies may result in different returns. According to Rozeff and Kinney (1976), distribution of year-end information may have a greater effect on the prices of small firms’ securities relative to large firms because the market for small firm stock is less efficient . 2.3Empirical evidences on Calendar effects In order to investigate on the existence of calendar anomalies, there have been several studies conducted obtaining different results. In a recent paper by Haug and Hirshcey (2005) on January effect, evidence is found that the anomaly is significant for small cap stocks and continues to be consistent over time . Moreover, Fountas and Segredakis (2002) investigate about the significance of the monthly seasonality in the Amman Stock Exchange and find very significant January effects in this market.

Movies with Character Disorders

ilFilm Review Paper: This course tries to cover how psychology and abnormal behavior is often covered by the media. Sometimes life imitates art just as art often imitates life. For better or worse, society’s understanding of mental illness is strongly influenced by media. Nonetheless, it allows for the study of disorders, their etiology, and their diagnosis. For this paper, you are to choose a character from a movie on the list below and write a case description that includes a multi-axial DSM-IV diagnosis. The paper should be 2-3 pages and include the following: a.Background: This can include information about the character’s family, social, medical, academic, and occupational history as well as notable demographic information. b. Clinical Observations: You should include information about the presenting problem, current symptoms, and current social functioning. c. Diagnosis: This should be multi-axial and based on the 5 Axes of the DSM-IV. d. Discussion: Explain, usin g evidence from various sources (textbook, DSM, and one other reliable source), supporting evidence of your main (Axis I and/or Axis II) diagnosis.Additionally, discuss you differential diagnosis, that is, the other diagnoses you considered and why they were ruled out from your final diagnosis. e. Evaluation: Please conclude your paper by evaluating the accuracy of the movie’s depiction of the abnormal behavior/diagnosis based on what you have learned about the disorder. You can earn up to 50 points and grading is based on an evaluation rubric available on the course website on Blackboard. If you hope to choose a movie not on this list, it must first be approved by me. Everyone must submit their choice of film by the beginning of class on September 27.Final papers will be due November 20. A Beautiful Mind (2001) Adaptation (2002) American Beauty (1999) American Psycho (2000) As Good As It Gets (1997) Aviator, The (2004) Bad Santa (2003) Black Swan (2010) Born on the Fourth of July (1989) Boys Don’t Cry (1999) Clean and Sober (1988) Copycat (1995) Deer Hunter, The (1978) Hours, The (2002) House of Sand and Fog (2003) Falling Down (1994) Fatal Attraction (1987) Fight Club (1999) Fisher King, The (1991) Forrest Gump (1994) Full Metal Jacket (1987) Girl, Interrupted (1999) Identity (2003) Iron Lady, The (2011) K-Pax (2001) Leaving Las Vegas (1995)Little Miss Sunshine (2006) Long Day’s Journey into Night (1962) Machinist, The (2004) Matchstick Men (2003) Memento (2001) Midnight Cowboy (1969) Monster’s Ball (2002) Notebook, The (2004) Ordinary People (1980) Primal Fear (1996) Psycho (1960) Rain Man (1993) Red Dragon (2002) Requiem for a Dream (2000) Royal Tenenbaums, The (2001) Shine (1996) Shutter Island (2010) Silence of the Lambs (1991) Single White Female (1992) Sybil (1976) Talented Mr. Ripley, The (1999) Taxi Driver (1976) Three Faces of Eve, The (1957) Trainspotting (1996) Vertigo (1958) When a Man Loves a Woman (1994))

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Debate Paper Legalization of Marijuana Cannabis, also referred to as marijuana, is the third most popular recreational drug, behind only tobacco and alcohol, in the United States (Whitehouse. gov, 2013). Efforts to legalize marijuana as medicine and recreational use in the United States have grown exponentially in recent years. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006). Alternately, the American Medical Association (AMA) does not support smoked marijuana as medicine (1995-2013).With such conflicting opinions around this highly controversial drug, there are many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans used marijuana in 2010; however, our nation spends over seven billion per year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuan a has increasingly become the preferred drug for Americans. Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2). Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economics professor at Harvard University, completed a study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, â€Å"$7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition. $5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930's (Bonnie & Whitbread, n. d). We are not only wasting $7. 7 billion per year, b ut losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer goods to $6. 2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized tobacco and alcohol. This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 years of age.By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d. , para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require substitution medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM. President Richard Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972.The primary objective the commission was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixon's commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and Legal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement.There are negative aspects of marijuana use, but as is ther e with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate old rhetoric where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be considered a gateway drug is because often time’s consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes and minds to see how much money and effort is wasted to fight a losing battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the decision is straightforward; marijuana should be legalized.Argument Against Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely w ith social custom and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit.According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction â€Å"is a condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is flawed to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. Marijuana is sex-inhibiting. When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner.Research into this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough to impair the libido in many women and in some men. According t o this research, some of the responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me more and more† (Castleman, 2012).Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway theory postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test this theory a group of researchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the THC (the chemical found in marijuana delivering the â€Å"high†) in one joint to lab rats.After this administration of THC the rats were allowed access to heroin by pressing a lever. According to this study, the rats who wer e administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC.Ethical Issues More research is needed in order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug. Marinol, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effective treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007).This approved drug, like marijuana, helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms known as â€Å"wasting syndrome†. Many proponents of legal izing marijuana for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference between marinol and marijuana is that marinol does not stimulate the â€Å"high† associated with marijuana. Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that causes significant dist ress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000).The DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started out smoking marijuana. Marijuana is prohibited and it puts individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, therefore if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those individuals would never have to be exposed to those situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there will be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain.Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the same aliments; however, they also come with side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms. Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is wasting 7. 7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. While law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars.The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor marijuana should be legalized. The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to no t only create baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by burning cannabis leave by the entrance. This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, purify the room, and encourage people to dance.Japan’s cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the end of World War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It was America General Douglas MacArthur and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese constitution in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis. Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo amon g the Japanese culture.The use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the same effect. This ideal thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some LSD (Hays, 2009). With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate th e people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go back to the people in various ways. The people would also need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and target many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and current laws banning its use. References American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013). Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed. ). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www. apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, from htt p://dbp. idebate. org/en/index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , & Whitbread, C. (n. d). The Forbidden Fruit and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www. druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuana's Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana and Sex: Surprising Results of This Blogger's Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013. Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki. se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fda. gov /NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009).Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. â€Å"Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a Good Idea. † Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Current Controversies. Rpt. from â€Å"The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana: A Physician's Perspective. † 2007. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011). Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998). Hempen cultrue in Japan. Retrieved from http://www. cannabisculture. om/articles/101. html/ Stirring the Pot: Could Legalizing Marijuana Save the Economy?. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2012/04/20/stirring-the-pot-could-legalizing-marijuana-save-the-e conomy/ The first report of the National Commission on marihuana (1972): signal of misunderstanding or exercise in ambiguity. (1974). Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1749335/ The White House President Barak Obama. (2013). Retrieved from http://m. whitehouse. gov/ondcp/marijuana Uno, M. (2011). WEED CRISIS: Enter Japan's Void. Retrieved from http://www. thestarklife. com/2011/06/17/weed-in-japan/

The Corporate Social Responsibility of the German Soccer Bundesliga Dissertation

The Corporate Social Responsibility of the German Soccer Bundesliga - Dissertation Example Center of discussion in this paper is corporate social responsibility (CSR) that is of increasing communal concern and is one of important parts of contemporary corporate sustainability on the industry, community and study schedule. It is of specific significance for business management, and this can be considered in the rising control it has achieved in the management field. CSR is generally viewed within a perceptive of business being a component of the social order. CSR tests associations to openly explain their business principles, recognize beliefs of their shareholders, and incorporate it to help the public. In the present day, international businesses are seriously involved in the debate of improvement, as well as execution of CSR; an outcome of it having the possibility to present strategic path to executives who would like to boost their group’s performance, as well as competitiveness. Nonetheless, CSR obtains small precise consideration in the arena of sports adminis tration, as well as sports promotion. Having noticed the spectacular professionalization of a number of sports - specifically football - during the past two decades, it is currently an industry by itself without any doubt. As a result, games managers are required to be completely evaluated and coping with expansions within the broader world of the ‘socio-political-economical’ setting just like corporate managers within other businesses are increasingly following and connecting with shareholders, as well as their â€Å"increasing range of interests†... CSR is generally viewed within a perceptive of business being a component of the social order. CSR tests associations to openly explain their business principles, recognize beliefs of their shareholders, and incorporate it to help the public. In the present day, international businesses are seriously involved in the debate of improvement, as well as execution of CSR; an outcome of it having the possibility to present strategic path to executives who would like to boost their group’s performance, as well as competitiveness. Nonetheless, CSR obtains small precise consideration in the arena of sports administration, as well as sports promotion. Having noticed the spectacular professionalization of a number of sports - specifically football - during the past two decades, it is currently an industry by itself without any doubt. As a result, games managers are required to be completely evaluated and coping with expansions within the broader world of the ‘socio-political-econom ical’ setting just like corporate managers within other businesses are increasingly following and connecting with shareholders, as well as their â€Å"increasing range of interests† (Werther, 2010, p. 33). 1.1.1 Role of Football in the Society In a number of countries, football has rooted itself into the national culture, and various parts of life revolve around it. Several countries have regular and dedicated football newspapers and other football periodicals. The ‘frame of mind’ of nations has been appeared to be linked to football. Success in a key tournament can bring joy to the local district or nation. On the other hand, defeat can lower the morale and has been noticed to be linked to mortality of the people.

Issues in crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issues in crime - Essay Example Punishments have to be understood in the proper context to state the least. Punishment in modern societies is being seen with a skeptical eye because it creates a sense of empathy and sympathy for the people yet is often viewed as a corrective exercise all the same. This paper shall outline and evaluate the key justifications for the use of punishment in modern societies. The reason why punishment comes into the equation is because the basis of justice is being imparted in a manner that it should be in the first place. It is right to suggest that justice within a society is not all about being fair but about holding a great deal of importance on being just and timely, which unfortunately does not manifest truly in the time and age of today. It is a true saying that justice delayed is justice denied; for this reason justice takes both these things when it is defined in the truest sense of the word. Punishment needs to be understood within the dictums of justice because it is radically associated with the mighty men – the rulers and the ones who govern a particular area or a regiment of soldiers (Marsh, 1984). The concepts of civil rights and of civil law are both functions of the concept of civil society whereby it is that bubble of private action free of government control. It is not free of government action, because government action secures the nature of civil society by the protection of persons against criminal wrongs. The essence of civil society is thus that people are left by government to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, while the government protects the citizens from criminal wrongs of violence, theft, fraud as well as many others. Punishment makes sure the civil society remains in order, and is not given the room to exploit the people in a negative way (Tonry, 2000). To quote as an example of punishment, one could understand the same in this notion. A commoner in today’s society is enticed every now and then to n ewer and fancier products and indeed adopt a similar way of life. For this, he wishes to have more money and if he works, he expects his employers to pay him more than his actual wage. White-collar crime is one form of crime that is on the escalation everywhere in the Western world. It ranges from breach of trust in highly technologically skilled societies to fraudulent charges and computer pilfering. It has been estimated to continue for an indefinite period of time in the future generations (Staddon, 1995). This sort of crime is difficult to define and hence few countries have been able to ascertain its origin, its perspectives and its rationale. This one is literally very hard to describe and examine and equally harder to enforce and arbitrate. The irony with white-collar felonies is that government and the people in particular do not pay heed to its curtailment and if something for the better is not done in this era, then it will surely become a super menace in tomorrow’s age. Within the modern societies, these punishments keep away the offenders and make them feel guilty because this is what is needed in the long run. The crime rate goes down and the people feel contented about the different punishments because these are correcting them more than anything else. However, if these punishments are geared to bring down their personalities, then the end result would be that they become hard core criminals and take law into their own hands, once they are set free from

CODE OF ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CODE OF ETHICS - Essay Example I hope that the code of ethics that I have come up with would be of interest to you and inspire others who have plans to be a healthcare associate. Sincerely yours, Name of Student My Code of Ethics as a Healthcare Associate A healthcare professional is a person that people trust to provide them not only with medical attention but also treatment that is fair and appropriate according to the policies and laws governing healthcare. Therefore, as an ethical healthcare professional, I will ensure that I meet, if not exceed, the statements below in practicing my profession. I. To practice integrity and respect at all times ensuring that I uphold the values and regulations set by the healthcare system that I work for. II. To avoid exploitation of one’s position in order to achieve financial or personal gain at the expense of others. III. To value the trust given by the people and retreat from transactions or activities that could affect or have a negative impact on the healthcare sy stem or the profession. IV. To treat everyone fairly and avoid discrimination at all times. V. To take on jobs that one can proficiently handle and has ample knowledge on based on trainings and experience on the subject. VI. To establish trust from patients as well as colleagues by helping in providing an environment that is safe and free from harassment, violations and any actions that give off a negative light on the system. VII. To provide sufficient information to patients to enable them make an informed decision regarding their health. VIII. To be truthful and honest in all forms of transactions with employees and patients. IX. To report any abuse on these codes to the ethics committee. As a healthcare practitioner, it is very important to adhere to the policies set by the healthcare system that one works for. Codes of ethics are in place for a reason (Dominion, 2010). By practicing integrity and respect not only to patients but also to colleagues, the environment becomes such that the transactions and/or interactions with everyone is done with integrity, respect for life and other’s opinions and preferences. It is sometimes unavoidable for people in position to exploit the power they have over others. It is very important that the people who can do something remain honest and with integrity so that the healthcare system continues to be trusted by the public. Using one’s power in order to advance another is not only selfish but also wrong. (American College of Healthcare Executives [ACHE], 1996) It sheds a negative image on the healthcare system and its workers. Therefore, when one can be paid off or be coerced whether by money or by other means, it becomes something that in very untrustworthy. One of the most important factors in this type of business is trust, therefore, by being fair and just, trust can be established. Earning the trust of patients is a little difficult since one has to establish credibility not only on giving them the co rrect solution to their concerns but also in keeping their confidences. Patients must have the peace of mind that their concerns or issues are kept at the strictest confidence and that it will not be disclosed to anyone else at any cost. (ACHE, 1996) This same principle goes to

Macroeconomics Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Macroeconomics Analysis - Essay Example This is after the government incentives towards installation of solar panels as a way of reducing environmental pollution and provides a cheap source of energy. However, this project draws a great attention to the macroeconomics Analysis, its resultant outcomes and impacts to the economy. Generally, the beginning of the whole project will impact on the GDP. GDP simply refers to Gross Domestic Product, which is the monitory value of the goods and services produced within a country at a particular period of time, probably one year. The GDP comprises of the domestic consumption - the consumer spending, government spending, sum of the county’s business and the total net exports. There will be a general increase in the GDP of the country. On the introduction of the solar panel project, many industries will emerge to produce the solar panels. This will give an additional product in the list of goods produced within the country. A production of excess of the panels will also add to the country’s exports. The government, because it is its initiative to run the project, will also invest in the solar panel project. Many people will also be motivated to get the solar panels installed on their roofs, hence spending on the project. The whole project will create an expansion in the service industry. People, the likes of Cindy will specialise installation of the solar panels. The same specialists may also export their services to other countries who are importing the solar panels. The product of solar panels in substitution to the electricity among other sources of energy will come with intensive support and high demand in the local, domestic and international markets. This demand will be as a result of the product being cheap. Comparing the purchase, installation and maintenance of the solar energy among other types of energy such as generators and

Barbeque machine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Barbeque machine - Assignment Example The cost of designing the barbeque grill is reduced by using a hybrid strategy that will leverage the flexibility of industrial manufacturing with lowest advantages. Recycled metals can also be used. The running cost is reduced by covering the lid tightly thus shortening the cooking time. The grill uses little amount of charcoal depending on the amount of food to be cooked and the size of the charcoal box. The round grill barbecue is easy to operate. The food to be roasted is placed on an already lit grill, the cover put in place and the food allowed to cook. The tool set is used to flip and toss the food. The round grill barbecue is designed to a small portable size that is easy to carry around and occupies very small space. The round grill barbeque machine is mostly used for roasting, boiling, or sweltering food. It can also be used to store food. However, the round grill barbeque machine cannot store perishable food for a longer period of time. Pair wise comparison chart. OBJECTIV ES COST PORTABILITY USABILITY ENERGY USE AND EFFICIENCY SCORE COST - 0 1 1 2 PORTABILITY 1 - 1 1 3 USABILITY 1 1 - 1 3 ENERGY USE AND EFFICIENCY 1 1 1 - 3 Morphological chart DESIGHN PARTS DESCIPTION Casing The casing is made of metal sheet. Holds the mesh, top cover, and the charcoal box in place Rack Made if steel rods and acts as the stand for the grill. Can be fitted with rollers to allow easy mobility. Mesh Made of stainless steel and used to hold the food strategically while cooking. Top cover Prevents contamination of food while cooking and reduces energy loss by containing the heat thus increasing efficiency of the barbecue grill. Tool set Made of stainless steel and is used to toss and flip the food while cooking Numerical Evaluation Matrix DESIGN COST ENERGY USE PORTABILITY USABILITY SPACE Round grill barbecue 45% 30% 20% 10% 25% Electric grill barbecue 60% 60% 40% 30% 20% Wood pallet electric grill barbecue 55% 80% 50% 40% 40% Gas barbecue grill 75% 65% 40% 55% 60% Kettle barbecue grill 55% 80% 30% 40% 20% Conclusion The imposition or regulatory measures on charcoal use and production, and the increasing depreciation rate of energy resources has made it necessary to develop a barbeque grill that is energy efficient and eco-friendly. The round grill barbeque machine is therefore designed to use a small amount of charcoal with very minimal energy loss. Reference Classic barbequing. Bristol, Wis.: Charmglow Products, 1977.

Competitive Analysis - Questionnaire Research Paper

Competitive Analysis - Questionnaire - Research Paper Example p and based on its international expansion in different regions like Portugal, New York and Paris it tended to reflect a fashion icon of Spanish fashion (Loeb, 2013). Total number of stores created by Zara by the close of 2013 amounted to 1,763 which along with its other family brands like Pull and Bear, Oysho and Massimo Dutti tend to meet the demands of customers reflecting different attitudes and preferences (don Quijote Salamanca S.L., 2014). Potential competitors of Zara relate to Hennes and Mauritz (H&M) and Topshop that specifically operate to meet the needs of the luxury and women customers (Doran, 2014). Another potential competitor of Zara relate to Mango that operates in meeting the demands of trendy wear for both male and female customers. Both Zara and Mango operate in the luxury segment through exclusive retail outlets and also departmental stores. The two companies focus on promoting its merchandises based on the use of website and Facebook as the primary advertising m ediums (Zara, 2013). 2. Direct competitors of Zara relates to the fashion retail companies like H&M, Topshop and Mango that essentially operate in the fashion retail segment. These companies are identified as direct competitors in that they directly compete with Zara in the luxury fashion garment. On the contrary the indirect competitors are identified to be such companies that though belong to the same business as the company cater to related customers outside the market periphery of the initial company (Glassman, 2010). Cortefiel is observed to be an indirect competitor to the Spanish fashion retailer Zara in that it operates as a Spanish fashion retailer that offers different products and brands to the regional customer base (Grupo Cortefiel , 2010). The background of the research is to understand the competitive potential of Zara both in the Spanish and the global retail market. It would aim to understand and evaluate the areas where Zara is losing its market to its competitors

Exams questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Exams questions - Essay Example This was interpreted by some commentators as the Jihadists’ way of warning Australia and deterring it in collaborating with the United States. But unfortunately, the message was ignored by the Australian government, putting its citizens at ever greater risk. Bali might not be officially Australian soil, but with the organization and skill with which the Islamic militants operate, it might not be long before Australia is made to pay for its ill advised alliance with imperialists further north (Abuza, 2003, p.170). With the apparent failure of its participation in the War of Terror campaign, the policy makers in Canberra should also remind themselves of the real causes of Bali bombings. The Establishment press, most of it owned or controlled by Rupert Murdoch and keen on promoting its own interests had presented a blanket view in its Bali reports. For example, the Australian mainstream media wants its citizens to believe that the terror attack in the Indonesian island was a sequel to the campaign of hatred against western way of life that was kick-started with September 11 attacks. But this view-point is not accurate. The South East Asia region has a large Muslim population. Indonesia is a thriving centre for Islamic scholarship and practice. But unfortunately, Australia had in the past sided with the oppressive Suharto regime (with the tacit support of the United States and Britain) and had indirectly aided injustice in the past. The Muslims in the region have every reason to feel aggrieved. What Australia needs to do is to keep its intelligence gathering efforts to a minimum and focus its energies on reaching out to its neighbours. A real change in the threat of terror will only come about when economic opportunism and imperialist ambition is replaced with humanitarian concern and noble statesmanship. It is becoming obvious that the best way forward for policy makers in Canberra is to sever

Social Problems Work Essay Example for Free

Social Problems Work Essay When referring to social problems, society generally looks at them from a larger objective or standpoint. The problem is going to include some typified examples, general terms that are associated with the problem, and statistics created in the claimsmaking process. This macrosociological approach relies on what the media has portrayed the problem to be. It is the job of social problems work to narrowly tailor aspects of a social problem in order to attempt to solve or address it in a practical and immediate manner (Best 227). Best explains that social problems workers, such as doctors and teachers, have encountered stereotypes of their roles that require them to perform grand feats but they work in highly regulated systems and industries. Bureaucratic procedures make it difficult for the workers to effect change directly. This also leads to varied amounts personal discretion that social problem workers possess. Since social problems work is narrowly tailored, specific individuals receive personal attention. These cases can be a doctor and patient’s interaction, a teacher’s conversation with their student, or a police officer’s interaction with a citizen who has made a call. When they are trying to make accurate assessments of each case, the social problems workers have to ask themselves questions like â€Å"What seems to be the problem Which aspects of the case are relevant†¦ Does this seem to be a serious matter†¦ What is the nature of the subject†¦ Are other people watching†¦ Are there work-related considerations†¦? (Best 236-239). Because the nature of their work can be so sensitive, social problems workers find that they are caught in the middle or blamed for the outcome or consequences from their work. As expected, social problems workers expect for the subjects to cooperate with their plan of action in order to help eliminate their issues, but when they do not, the workers are left to deal with the consequences. â€Å"Social problems worker try to control the flow of information about their activities. They generally prefer that others learn about the work they do directly from them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in order to prevent the possibility of information being distorted by media outlets looking to portray their work in a certain way (Best 248). Some social problems workers go the extreme and tamper with the information they submit to reporting agencies to ensure that they are seen in the best possible light. They are able to get away with this because there are many situations in which workers are required to use their own personal discretion with out having to defer power to their supervisors or bosses until afterwards. Social problems workers are required to bring larger, abstract problems to a personal, more detailed level. Doing this can benefit certain claims by bringing an actual face and story to a social problem. It does not only create the perfect victim, but it gives a face and a personal account of how the social problem has directly affected their life or wellbeing. Activist as claims makers would benefit from using social problems workers, their subjects, and cases as a method to personify their claim. Experts as claims makers would only be able to capitalize off of social problems work by using the possibly skewed data and statistics they provide in order to give an overall picture. By looking at individual workers and cases, there is a chance they can encounter a unique situation that is not consistent with the data or point they are trying to make. In lecture, we discussed the need for claims makers to not only have statistical and concrete information to prove and advance their claim, but the need for the public to be able to relate to it and see how is also affects them or their loved ones. If it does not, there will be no reason for them to want to support the cause. Social problems work is an ideal way for this to be done because it finds a medium between expert testimony and activists. Many people have interactions with social problems workers, so it is easy for them to bring up their concerns with a particular problem and see how and if they can help or are at risk. For example, child abuse is a social issue that draws attention because of the underage status of its victims. People see children as helpless and in need of a nurturing guardian. Any adult can as a police officer, doctor, or teacher what resources are available to serve as a safe haven for abused children. I feel as though the media and social problems workers have made efforts to use each other for their own gain and benefit. Various media outlets can call upon social problems workers to boost their ratings by bring sensationalized stories and cases. This is used to play on the emotions of the public and â€Å"guilt† them into advancing their cause. This can be seen with infomercials regarding poor children in â€Å"third world countries†, children with cancer, and animal abuse advocates. Organizations like Feed The Children use images of celebrities or former government officials next to images of poverty stricken, starving children. Viewers are made to feel guilty because they are told that the amount of money they use on their daily coffee can provide essentials for that child. Once the viewer has made the connection between how much their Starbucks cost and the idea that their child does not have to live that life, they are then compelled to donate to the organization. The social problems worker in the commercial has been used a pawn for donations and ratings. Similarly, hospitals that specifically cater to children with terminal illness show individual cases of these children and their doctors. Sometimes their parents explain that their child would have not survived without the donations from viewers because the hospital does not charge for their services. The doctors also add their perspective as to how much their procedures would have cost. After they have explained the financial aspect of the individual child’s care, they then proceed to use the medical terminology for their condition with images of young children attached to massive hospital equipment. After watching the commercial and listening to the doctors, the public generally assumes that they are correct and donates to the organization. The media does this as well with animal abuse advocates. They show footage of domestic pets with lesions and injuries. Viewers are led to assume that they came from their owners. While the intentions of social problems workers are usually genuine, they are put on display on these commercials for the benefit of the organization and the network airing it, not necessarily the actual social problem or those affected by it. Social problems workers have the hard task of doing their jobs and helping their subjects in their particular cases. This is a difficult task because of the bureaucratic red tape and policies that they work through. For them to try to solve an entire social problem by themselves would be an endless task, especially due to the added consequences and stresses from the general nature of their work. This can lead to embellishments in their actual efficiency and a lackadaisical attitude towards the issue entirely. Different types of claims makers have attempted to use social problems workers to benefit them and not the entire problem, but despite this, their social problems worker and those they come in contact with are an invaluable aspect to ridding society of the issue in its entirety.

Wake Forest University President Nathan O’Hatch Essay Example for Free

Wake Forest University President Nathan O’Hatch Essay Wake Forest University President Nathan O’Hatch hinted that the success of the University has come directly from the students that inhabit the institution, along with the campus atmosphere created by them. He confirms that the university strives to obtain a vibrant and exhilarating community that moves toward success through education and character development. I believe that Wake Forest University is searching for students who will leave a positive impact on the establishment while having a strong concentration on their goals. I believe that my intellectual growth and experiences, religious background, and morally driven values and characteristics will contribute greatly to the expansion of the Wake Forest community. Lou Holtz once quoted, â€Å"Ability is what you’re capable of doing. Motivation determines what you do. Attitude determines how well you do it. † This inspirational commitment to challenge your mind to attain success each and every day measures the achievements that a person will achieve throughout their life. Throughout my high school career, I have experienced many educational opportunities and held many leadership roles that were vital to shaping my future. A person’s ability, motivation, and attitude are imperative characteristics that define their motives throughout all of their endeavors. I have found it very important for one to surround oneself with positive influences, along with a diverse group of people in order to expand and grow as an individual. If one converses with the same community each day, they will never challenge themselves in their knowledge, and in turn become less intellectually rounded. I strive to be an active student in my school who engulfs many ideas and is well-rounded in the aspect of education and extra-curricular activities in order to leave a positive impact on my peers for the betterment of my future, and theirs. At the beginning of high school, I embarked in a program that has impacted my life in many ways. I have been molded into a confident leader who strives to make a positive impact at my high school, and on my community, due to my advisor and my personal commitment. This organization was Student Council. In the ninth and tenth grade, I was elected Secretary and then Vice President of my class. I then was nominated and selected to serve as the second vice president of the entire student body, which ultimately set me up to be the Student Body President my senior year. I have grown into a person through experiences that have come along as a result of my being an active part of the Student Council. My organizational skills have proved effective as I have planned and implemented many ideas throughout my high school career in Student Council. I have actively planned three Homecoming skits and dances, four spring dances, three Powder-Puff games, two dodge ball tournaments, three Mr. Central Cabarrus Pageants, two volleyball tournaments, and many more events as a head leader in leadership class and Student Council at my school. During my last two years as the Student Body second Vice President and Student Body President, I have actively led the council in a direction that has not been travelled before as we have embarked on a community service project and active participation throughout the community. As the second vice president of my council, we successfully raised $19,000 for Juvenile Diabetes through fundraisers including a dodge ball tournament, a spring dance, and many other small projects. We have set ourselves a challenge of exceeding this goal as a school this year. I have organized the council to participate in the Special Olympic Games at the Cabarrus Arena for the past three years to support and encourage these amazing athletes. I strive to lead the council and my school with a positive force that places a strong emphasis on community service and school betterment projects. Student Council has allowed me to work with the administration and high level officials in the community, building confidence in myself along with furthering my social skills. On numerous occasions, I have submitted proposals to the principal and school board to implement events, and I have had to professionally stand as the student body’s voice as I discuss these issues with officials of our community. Although disappointed after the Renaissance breakfast was rejected, I responded with enthusiasm to begin the next project of Darfur Awareness Week, a cause for which I am very passionate. I have actively taken a role in the Beta Club, Mu Alpha Theta Math Club, National Honors Society, and Junior Civitan Club, as I hope to do everything in my power to leave a legacy at Central Cabarrus High School. I strive to leave the school in a better place than I found the thriving establishment. On an educational basis, I have enlisted in numerous advanced placement and honors courses to further my intellectual ability throughout my middle school and high school career. Currently, I am challenging myself to complete two rigorous courses consisting of AP English IV along with AP Government just in this semester. These two classes are the most demanding at our school, and I am one of only ten individuals of each class who dared to confront these two challenging courses in the same semester. I admire each individual in these classes and learn new ideas and beliefs by surrounding myself with these amazing and bright students. In my AP English class, I have been exposed to many philosophies, and many forms of literature, including Shakespearean sonnets and plays, which I would have previously never studied. In AP Government, I have watched and analyzed the differing views of Democrats, Libertarians, and Republicans as we analyze the modern constitution and judicial system. I have set a high goal of myself to achieve success in each class with a broad knowledge of information from each lesson. If I keep a strong focus on my ability, motivation, and attitude, I will continue succeeding in each of these classes. I believe Wake Forest University President indicates the success of the University comes directly from the character development and diversity which is learned from surrounding oneself with individuals of intellectual and diverse backgrounds, and this is something that I have learned to embrace. Along with challenging me each day to intellectually grow from my experiences and education, the importance of Christianity has impacted and shaped my life in many areas. I was blessed to have the opportunity to attend a Christian school until the age of thirteen, which assisted in molding me into a compassionate, honest, and respectable individual. I received a well-rounded education that allowed me to allocate a strong moral background and foundation for my life. I learned the importance of keeping a respectable reputation, giving back to the community, and continuing to practice humbleness before God. I have been a Christian for as long as I can recall and have grown as an individual due to this commitment. I have challenged myself to spreading the many blessings of God and exemplifying a positive Christian attitude in my every day encounters. I have portrayed an active role throughout the community and have an ambition of making a difference in as many lives as possible. As the Student Body President, a member of leadership class, and the Varsity Cheerleading Captain, I have had the opportunity to achieve my ambition already in my adolescent years. I am very active in Race for the Cure, Walk for Juvenile Diabetes, Special Olympics, Join the World of Winners, and Darfur Relief efforts. It is extremely critical to participate in volunteer community service projects for the good of your community. I have served as a volunteer Special Olympics Cheerleading coach for a gym in my area. As I have surrounded myself with these children on a weekly basis, I have learned the importance of dedication, open-mindedness, patience, optimism, and compassion. They have challenged me to live up to their standard, which in return has played a huge role in the basis of my character. Jesus once quoted, â€Å"It is more blessed to given than to receive† (Acts 20:35). With this verse in mind, a person can grow to see the importance of giving and, in return, receiving the satisfaction of impacting a person’s life. As an eight year old, I was one of five girls to raise $10,000 for the Masonic Home for Children in Henderson, North Carolina. This amazing experience left me passionate about helping others at an early age after seeing the impact that I had left on the lives of those children after we delivered the check. As I have visited numerous nursing homes and children hospitals throughout my lifetime and directly met victims of the current Darfur genocide, I have learned the impact that an individual can leave on another person needing support. With Wake Forest building their foundation upon a Baptist, Christian philosophy, my desire to reach out and help those in need along with exemplifying Christian character displays my willingness to continue to build upon the Wake Forest Community. Due greatly to my educational growth and religious background, I have developed many characteristics that will greatly benefit me throughout my life. After being selected as the Student Body President, I have had the privilege to lead Student Council and the Student Body in all of our endeavors. I have learned so many important qualities such as the importance of teamwork, reliability, dedication, and the ability to motivate a group of individuals throughout the leadership roles that I have held oover my high school career. My leadership advisor has inspired me to grow as a person and expand my leadership qualities into becoming the most successful leader that I can become. Over the last three years, I have become closer and closer to one of my goal: Striving to obtain success through keeping a positive attitude and leading a life of upstanding moral character. With each of the clubs and activities that I have been active in, I have learned responsibility and commitment is the key to victory. After my second day of AP English, I was asked to recite a speech concerning the topic â€Å"Who I am, Who I am not†. I was very nervous and spent much time preparing for what turned out to be an inspirational speech of what I strive to attain each and every day. After completing the speech, my English teacher asked me to give this speech to her Varsity Volleyball team. I was so honored and anxious, and before their big game I recited the speech to them. This meant an immense deal to me, and I was very grateful to do my best to inspire this amazing team. Through my English teacher’s boost, and my Leadership advisor’s inspiration, I have become a more relaxed and comfortable public speaker along with building a strong leadership character to follow with me throughout my life. I am a person who strives to build upon my leadership qualities for the betterment of myself along with keeping an open mind to all ideas of individuals as I build on my values and characteristics. Wake Forest University seeks to â€Å"wed knowledge with experience† just as a leader must do each and every day. â€Å"Two roads diverged in the wood and I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all of the difference. † Throughout an individual’s life they encounter many paths and decisions that define them as a person. They must sometimes choose the best direction for their life in preparing for their future aspirations. As a person of high motivation, I always choose to challenge myself with high goals and new challenges. Sadly, in today’s modern world it seems that the road less travelled is the right road; the road where, instead of walking alone through life never taking notice of others, a person stops along the way to reach out a hand to help those who are left by the wayside. This is the path which I have chosen to take for myself. I use all of my life experiences to build upon my life and achieve all goals that I strive to accomplish. I believe that with a diverse education, strong religious background, and character inspiration to becoming a great leader, I will greatly contribute to the Wake Forest community. Nathan O’Hatch’s praise to the beautiful campus and community of Wake Forest illustrates the intention of continuing to build upon one of the greatest universities in the nation. I strive to be a unique individual with high goals to leave an impact on the world. I am ready to meet the challenge of continuing to expand Wake Forest University through education and experience.

Ethyl Acetate Properties

Ethyl Acetate Properties Ethyl acetate is the most popular ester from ethanol and acetic acid. It is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent. Ethyl acetate is a moderately polar solvent that has the advantages of being volatile, relatively non-toxic, and non-hygroscopic. Ethyl Acetate is an organic compound which also known as, ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated EtOAc or EA. Below is the table of Ethyl Acetate general data and physical properties: FORMULA CH3COOCH2CH3 MOLECULAR WEIGHT 88.10 MELTING POINT -83.6 °C BOILING POINT 77.15 °C INDEX OF REFRACTION nd20 1.372 DENSITY d20 0.902 g/mL SPECIFIC HEAT (20 °C) 0.459 kcal/kg. °C LATENT HEAT (bp) 88 kcal/kg VISCOSITY (20 °C) 0.455 cP EA SOLUBILITY IN WATER (20 °C) 7.7 wt.% WATER SOLUBILITY IN EA (20 °C) 3.3 wt.% Table 1.1 : Physical Properties of Ethyl Acetate Ethyl acetate can dissolve up to 3% water and has a solubility of 8% in water at room temperature. At elevated temperature its solubility in water is higher. It is unstable in the presence of strong aqueous bases and acids. Ethyl Acetate can be manufactured by several types of process such as esterification, Tishchenkos reaction and Advanced Acetates by Direct Addition (AVADA) technology. In 1985 it was approximately 400000 tones in tons were produced yearly in Japan, North America, and Europe combined. The commercial Ethyl Acetate is a clear, colorless, sweet smell odor and has a minimum purity of 99.8%, with water and ethanol not exceeding 0.03%. Historical Review of Ethylbenzene Processes Ethyl Acetate is primarily produced by direct esterification of ethyl alcohol (e.g ethanol) with acetic acid, a process which involves mixing acetic acid with excess of ethyl alcohol and adding a small amount of sulphuric acid. This mixture contains about 65% of ester (EA). Then the EA is separated and purified by distillation in order to achieve commercial specification. This process considers as exothermic and safe where the heat of reaction is -0.0114kJ/mol with no danger of decomposition. Other methods that often use in manufacturing ethyl acetate are based on Tishchenkos reaction. This reaction is by combining two equivalents of acetaldehyde in the presence of an alkoxide base as catalyst. This way is a commercial method of producing ethyl acetate. Due to the observation and experiment by Tishchenko, the result shown that the obtainable yield of ethyl acetate by adding aluminum ethoxide to acetaldehyde at -20oC is 61%. In addition, new and interesting process of manufacturing ethyl acetate is Advanced Acetates by Direct Addition (AVADA) technology. This reaction used the reaction of ethylene, acetic acid and water with the presence of heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst. It then will undergo reaction at vapor phase before being fed into the separation section where the major product and by-product being separated. This process can produce ethyl acetate at 99% concentration. The Uses of Ethyl Acetate Ethyl acetate is used as solvent in a wide range application especially in industries. It is one of the most popular solvent that used in surface coating and thinners manufacture such as nitrocellulose lacquers, varnishes and thinners. It exhibits high dilution ratios with both aromatic and aliphatic diluents and is the least toxic of industrial organic solvents. Pharmaceuticals also required ethyl acetate as an extraction solvent for the concentration and purification of antibiotics. Manufacturing of various drugs also used ethyl acetate as an intermediate. High purity product can be used as a viscosity reducer for resins used in photoresist formulations in the electronics industry. Besides that, ethyl acetate acts as a solvent in the preparation of synthetic fruit essences, flavors and perfumes. On the other hand, the extensive amounts of ethyl acetate are used in the manufacture of flexible packaging and in the manufacture of polyester films and BOPP films. It is also used in the treatment of aluminium foils. Ethyl acetate is used as solvent to dissolve the resin, control the viscosity and modify the drying rate in inks for flexographic and rotogravure printing. Based on ICIS article that has been updated April 2008, the global demand is predicted to grow at 3-4%/year because of strong demand for surface coatings and as a replacement for restricted solvents. China and Southeast Asia are largest demand while Western Europe is developed markets. Southeast Asia and China are expected to become the most popular for ethyl acetate production and consumption. The Southeast Asian paints and coatings market is expected to grow at 5-6%/year. Japans Daicel Industries is converting an acetic acid plant in Otake, Hiroshima to produce ethyl acetate by using bio-ethanol as the raw material. It will have a capacity of 50,000 tonnes/year with production expected to start in spring 2009. The global demand growth for US is about 2%/year to 2009. According to ICIS Chemical Business (ICB), US demand increased from 88,500 tonnes in 2005 to 95,300 tonnes in 2009. Around 60% of ethyl acetate is consumed in US as a solvent in a variety of coating formulations. These coatings are used for wood furniture and fixtures, agricultural, construction and mining equipment, containers and closures, auto refinishing, and maintenance and marine applications. Around 20% of the ethyl acetate is used as solvent-based architectural coatings for both exterior and interior use. This sector has been growing at approximately 6%/year. However, in industrial coatings the usage of ethyl acetate is decline because of environmental constraints has largely been completed and future growth in the US is estimated to be a healthier 2.5%/year up to 2009. OEM (original equipment manufacturer) solvent-based coatings have been declining slowly in the US. The OEM sector, however, is the largest and represents 58% of ethyl acetates coatings use demand. The remaining sector, specialty coatings, which includes marine coatings, has held steady. The European market is reported to be balanced with big supply and steady demand. However, future demand is expected to be flat and or even contract slightly as consumption by local paints and inks sectors shrinks as production moves eastwards. In the UK, INEOS has acquired BPs ethyl acetate business including a 250,000 tonnes/year plant in Hull. Future consolidation is seen as possible in Europe as ethylene-based producers struggle to compete against more competitive ethanol-based production. Europe could also become more reliant on imports. PROCESS BACKGROUND Esterification Esterification is a chemical reaction process between alcohol and carboxylic acid in the presence of catalyst that formed ester. This mixture converts to ester about 65% at room temperature. The commonly concentrated sulphuric acid is acting as a esterification catalyst to enhance the reaction. The sulphuric acid removes water to help shift the equilibrium towards forming more ester product. Water is a by- product and must be removed in order to get the equilibrium in the desired direction. This process is a simple process, well known reaction, and moderately exothermic where the heat or reaction, H is -0.0114kJ/mol with no danger of decomposition reaction. The optimum temperature for this reaction is in the range of 363 K 400 K while the optimum pressure is in the range of 20 bar 40 bar. Ethanoic Acid + Ethanol Ethyl Acetate + Water CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3C02C2H5 The reaction between acetic acid and ethanol to produce ethyl acetate in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. This process is released a few amount of heat to the surrounding and classified as exothermic reaction. This reaction is called a homogeneous liquid phase. Water is formed in the reaction is removed continuously to ensure maximum conversion of acetic acid. The catalyst can be heteregenous and homogeneous. There are two categories of catalyst that can be used in this reaction, mineral acid catalyst and para toluene sulphonic acid or ion exchange resins can serve as heterogenous catalyst. Process Description Ethanol and acetic acid together with crude ethyl acetate is fed into the reactor in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to produce ester and water. Then, the products are fed into the distillation column (DC1) to separate water and ester (ethyl acetate). The bottom product of DC1 is water and the overhead product is ethyl acetate. This part are taken by dehydration and azeotropic distillation of ethyl acetate and water. The overhead product is passed to the decanter to separate the organic phase and aquase phase. The upper layer known as organic phase while lower layer known as aqueous phase. partially of organic phase is fed into the reactor and another potion of organic phased is passed into the second distillation column (DC2). The second column is a purify process where to give the pure ethyl acetate (bottom product). The top product is a mixture that consists of ethyl acetate, water and ethanol. this mixture is separated after cooling process and the light phase is fed back to DC2 and the rest is transferred to the second decanter where its process is same as the first decanter to separate the organic and aqueous phase. Pipeline is used to combine the aqueous phase from the both decanters and distilled in the third column to give waste water at the bottom product and again ester, water and alcohol. This stream is recycled into the reaction column. Raw Material Ethanol: Ethanol is one of the material that is being used in the esterification process. it is also known as ethyl alcohol. ethanol is a volatile, flammable and colorless liquid. Ethanol can be obtain by fermentation of plants. Ethanol is relatively non-toxic and dissolve in water. It is a renewable energy source and it has less harmfull effects on the environment. However, ethanol will also give an impacts to the environment. The use of ethanol is a problem for conventional air pollutants. Ethanol used will increase the emission of chemicals that lead to the production of ozone. Ethanoic acid: One of the raw material needed to complete the reaction. Ethanoic Acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acid. it is a colourless liquid with an unpleasant pungent odour. ethanoic acid is produced by the oxidation of ethanol. Ethanoic acid is highly corrosive to the metals and it is also potentially harmful to our health. Sulphuric acid (catalyst): Sulphuric acid is chosed as homogeneous catalyst in this reaction. this catalyst is very effective mineral acid catalyst. however, this sulphuric acid is strongly corrosive and leaves sulfate residues. besides that, it is also generates large amount of heat. Tishchenkos Reaction Tishchenkos reaction is a reaction that need the presence of an alkoxide base while two equivalents of acetaldehyde is combining. This way is becoming commercial method of producing ethyl acetate in Europe since acetaldehyde become important intermediate on the basis of acetylene. Due to Tishchenko, the obtainable yield of ethyl acetate by adding aluminum ethoxide to acetaldehyde at -20 °C is 61%. The reaction is expressed by, [catalyst; alkoxide base (e.g Aluminum Ethoxide)] 2CH3CHO CH3COOCH2CH3 (Acetaldehyde) (Ethyl Acetate) Figure 1.3: Tishchenkos process Process Description For the process of Tishchenkos reaction, acetaldehydes will be introduced to the catalyst solution continuously. The catalyst is first need to be prepared by dissolving granular Aluminium in an ethanol-ethyl acetate mixture in the presence of aluminium chloride and small amount of zinc chloride. This catalyst (basicly Aluminum Ethoxide) is prepare uncontinuosly. In reactor, while acetaldehyde contact with the prepared catalyst, the ratio of the reaction partner must be adjust in order to obtain 98% transformation of acetaldehyde in one passage. A further 1.5% transformation is achieved in stirring vessels. Consecutively to make sure the reaction temperature is kept to 0 °C, brine with normally -20 °C will be used as the cooler. This reaction takes approximately 1 hour to completely mix before being transfer to residue separation. Next, separator is needed to remove the residue that contain in the mixture. The distillable products are removed by evaporation. For the economic issue, the residue is treated with water to regain ethanol. For the residual slurry, it can either be given to biological degradation plant or it can be burned together with other organic waste products. Subsequently, the distillable products need to be purifying in so that it can achieve commercial purity which is approximately 99.8%. Therefore, distillation column is used. For the 1st series of distillation column, light end are separated and this steam is further distilled to take non-converted acetaldehyde, which is returned to reactor. Then ethanol that contain ethyl acetate is separated for reuse in catalyst preparation. The bottom of 1st column give the high quality or grade of ethyl acetate that only will obtain at the head of the next column due to the need of separation of high boiling condensation products in mixture with ethyl acetate which will be remove at the bottom. In addition, further small column is needed to recover another part of pure ethyl acetate to isolate acetaldehyde diethyl acetal. Hence, after purification is done the recover product can used as an important intermediate or hydrolyzed in an acid medium to give reusable acetaldehyde and ethanol. Raw Material Acetaldehyde It is also known as ethanal. Acetaldehyde is one of the most important aldehyde and is being produced in a large scale industrially. This substance can be produced by the oxidation of ethylene. Although it is not a costly substance and it is very easy to get, acetaldehyde is a very toxic substance. It can give harm to living organisms and toxic substance is not an environmental friendly. It is an air pollutant resulting from combustion. Advanced Acetates By Direct Addition (Avada) In AVADA process, ethyl acetate is produced by reacting ethylene with acetic acid and water in the presence of heteropoly acid catalyst. The amount of water being used is in range from 1-10 mole% based on the total ethylene and acetic acid. The presence of water can reduce the amount of unwanted by-product that formed by the reaction. The mole ratio of ethylene to acetic acid in the feed stream is in range of 6.0 to 12.2, while for ethylene to water, the mole ratio is between 8.0 to 17.0 and the mole ratio of acetic acid to water is from 1.25 to 1.40. Heteropoly acid CH2 = CH2 + CH3C02H CH3C02CH2CH3 (ethylene) (acetic acid) Water (ethyl acetate) The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range from 160 °C to 195 °C while the preferably pressure is between 1200 kPa to 1500 kPa. The catalyst used must consist at least one heteropoly acid salt of a metal such as litium, cuprum, and magnesium which supported on a carrier. The heteropoly acid used is phosphotungstic acid while the carrier is silica. Heteropoly acids usually have a high molecular weight in the range of 700 8500 and include dimeric complexes. They have high solubility in polar solvents such as water or other oxygenated solvents. In order to achieve optimum performance, the carrier should free from metals or elements which can affect the catalytic activity of the system. To prepare the carrier, firstly the heteropoly acid is dissolved in distilled water, demineralised water, alcohols or other non-aqueous solution. Then the carrier is soaked in the acid solution for several hours with periodic manual stirring. After that it is filtered using Buchner funnel to remove any excess acid. The wet catalyst is then placed in an oven at elevated temperature for several hours to dry. Lastly it is allowed to cool to ambient temperature in desiccators. Now this supported catalyst is ready to be used in esterification process. BASIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF ETHYL ACETATE PRODUCTION BY AVADA The basic flow diagram of the unit is shown in the above figure. The unit consist of feed section, reaction section, and product and by-product separation section. The basic flow diagram of the unit is shown in the above figure. The unit consist of feed section, reaction section, and product and by-product separation section. The fresh feed which contain ethylene, acetic acid and water are fed into the vaporiser. Vaporiser is used to change the liquid phase feed into vapour phase as the reaction is preferably carried out in the vapour phase. It also includes a recycle system for both unreacted feeds and all the major by-products. The combined feed vapour stream is fed to a reactor train comprising of four fixed bed reactors in which each reactor already filled with catalyst. The reactants are passed over the catalyst suitably at a GHSV (Gas Hourly Space Velocity) of 300 to 2000 per hour. The first three reactors are fitted with acid/water injection to the exit streams. This is to facilitate independent control of reactor inlet temperatures and to maintain the desired ethylene to acid ratio. The fourth reactor functions as finishing reactor where the final conversion of ethylene and acetic acid to ethyl acetate is achieved. There are four by-product formed from the reaction which are 2-butanone, acetaldehyde, ethanol and diethyl ether. The crude product stream exiting the last reactor is cooled before entering the flash drum where the separation of non-condensable (gas) and condensable (liquid) phases occurs. The recovered gas is recycled back to the vaporiser while the liquid stream enters the product separation and purification system. In this system, series of distillation columns designed to recover and purify the final product. It is also to recover the unreacted acetic acid, water, ethanol and light ends streams for recycling back to the vaporiser. Advantages and Disadvantages of AVADA The AVADA process is superior to other additional processes in terms of environmental protection. This is because AVADA uses a solid acid catalyst. Therefore, there are fewer requirements for the treatment and disposal of aqueous effluent compared to traditional esterification reaction that produces as much water as ethyl acetate. Since AVADA process eliminates the intermediate esterification steps and the need for ethanol, it save about 20% on energy cost compare to conventional routes. The AVADA process produces high purity (more than 99%) which reduces the production of by-products. Undesirable by products such as 2-butanone and acetaldehyde may be controlled by careful adjustment of feed composition and reaction temperatures while maintaining acceptable ethyl acetate yields. The production of c4 unsaturated hydrocarbons is significantly reduced. Therefore, the catalyst lifetime can be extended. The disadvantages of AVADA process is rapid catalyst deactivation thus disturbing the quality of the product. However, this problem can be solved using a bed porous silica beads with the heteropolyacid impregnated in the pores. PROCESS SELECTION There are three methods found in the production of ethyl acetate which are Tishchenko, Esterification and Advanced Acetates by Direct Addition (AVADA). By considering all of the advantages and disadvantages of each process, the Acetates by Direct Addition (AVADA) was chosen as the best alternative to produce ethyl acetate. The main reason AVADA was chosen are because the catalyst used is environmental friendly. TICHSHENKOS ESTERIFICATION ADVANCED ACETATE BY DIRECT ADDICTION (AVADA) RAW MATERIAL Acetaldehyde Ethanol Acetic acid Ethylene Acetic acid Water CATALYST Alkoxide base (e.g aluminium ethoxide) Produced large amount of aluminium residue which is not easily separated Produce large amount of wastewater Acid catalyst (e.g Sulphuric acid) Very corrosive Produce sulphate residue Heteropolyacid (e.g phosphotungstic acid) The catalyst lifetime can be extended Using solid catalyst- waste free and less requirement for treatment OPERATING CONDITION 0 °C 1 hour reaction 90 0C 127 °C 20 bar 40 bar 160 °C 195 °C 1200 kPa 1500kPa PURITY Crude ethyl 61 % purity Crude ethyl 55 % purity Crude ethyl 99 % purity NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT USE 5 equipments ( distillation column, feed surge drum, reactor, separator, mixer) 3 equipments (reactor , decanter, distillation column) 5 equipments (vaporizer, reactor, flash drum, distillation column, compressor) REACTION 2Acetaldehyde Ethyl Acetate ethanol + ethanoic acid ethyl acetate Ethylene + acetic acid Ethyl acetate AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIAL Produce in large scale in Europe due to the importance of acetaldehyde as intermediate on the basis ofacetylene Easy to get in china Table 1.2: Comparison between all processes PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES AVADA (Advanced Acetates By Direct Addition) Undesirable by products such as 2-butanone and acetaldehyde may be controlled by careful adjustment of feed composition and reaction temperatures while maintaining acceptable ethyl acetate yields. The production of c4unsaturated hydrocarbons is significantly reduced. The catalyst lifetime may be significantly extended. The process economics are improved by a reduced requirement to operate process purge streams to reduce the recycle of undesirable by-products and by the ability to de-bottleneck the product purification system. Very high purity (>99%). Avoid environmental hazards by using heteropolyacids (environmentally friendly). More energy efficiency save ~20% on energy costs. Using solid catalyst waste free and less requirement for treatment and disposal of aqueous effluent. Rapid catalyst deactivation thus disturbing the quality of the product. Esterification Well known reaction. Moderately exothermic reactions with no danger of decomposition of reactions. The reaction also exhibit second order ractions when no strong acid is present and a kind of autocatalytic behaviour when the acid is introducespurification system. Acidic feedstocks Concentrated sulphuric acid is a harmful chemical reagent. Generates large amount of heat. Tishchenkos Reaction The raw materials are produced in large quantities. The price of the raw material is not very costly. It is an alternative way due to expensive price of ethanol. Produce large amount of aluminium residue which is not easily separated due to the use of aluminium ethoxide as a catalyst . The use of the catalyst can create a large amount of wastewaters and thus extra cost is needed to treat the waste. The raw material, acetaldehyde is a very toxic substance. Table 1.3 : Advantages and disadvantages of each processes

Keep Blaming Canada Essay -- Music Downloads Technology Essays

Keep Blaming Canada In 1999, Shawn Fanning and his little program called Napster created quite a stir in society. Napster's software allows music listeners to open pieces of their personal hard drives to everyone using Napster, sharing whatever MP3 songs they have already downloaded or stored. At any time, thousands of people are online, sharing hundreds of thousands of songs, many of which are technically illegal to download without the permission of the copyright holders. [1] This led to a lawsuit filed by the Recording Industry Association of America, with the rock group Metallica as its frontman. In this case, several issues were brought up, one of which was the right of the creator of the music to control what happens with their intellectual property. In the United States, it was found illegal, in the form of Copyright laws, for people to download the musician’s music without permission. However, this only gave full rights of intellectual property to the creator. But this was only the ruling in the United States. Other countries have different versions of Copyright Laws with different interpretations. Copyright in Canada In Canada, the Canadian copyright law is governed by the Copyright Act, which protects original literary, artistic, musical and dramatic works. One very significant right granted to the owner of Canadian copyright in a work, is the exclusive right to reproduce the work, in any material form they choose. For example, the owner of copyright in a book has the right to stop others from making copies of the book, whether the copying is by way of a commercial printer, a photocopy machine, or by way of a computer image/text scanner. Copyright in a work may be assigned or licensed to others. All assignments and licenses of copyright must be in writing to be valid. The mere transfer of physical possession of a work does not thereby include an assignment of copyright in the work. [2] These seem similar to the Copyright laws found in the United States. It provides similar protection to literary work, artistic, music and so on. But as the times change, so too will the way the laws work. Changes to the Act On March 19, 1998, Part VIII of the Copyright Act dealing with private copying was brought up for a major change. Before that, â€Å"copying any sound recording for almost any purpose infringed copyright, although, in prac... ...;http://www.cb-cda.gc.ca/news/c19992000fs-e.html>. [3] Borland, John. â€Å"P2P downloading is legal, says Canada.† 15 December 2003. Silicon.com. 9 February 2004. . [4] O’Reilly, Tim. â€Å"Piracy is Prograssive Taxation, and Other Thoughts on the Evolution of Online Distribution.† 12 December 2002. OpenP2P.com. 9 February 2004. . [5] Reid, Shaheem and Walker, Curtis. â€Å"50 Cent Says He's Capitalizing On Arrest, Doesn't Mind Being Bootlegged.† 16 January 2003. VH1.com. 10 February 2004. . [6] King, Howard. â€Å"Why Metallica Sued Napster.† 1 May 2001. Findlaw.com 10 February 2004. . [7] Kearns, Dave. â€Å"Intellectual property: Napster and ethics,† 9 April 2001. Network World. 10 February 2004. . [8] Barlow, John Perry. March 1994. â€Å"The Economy of Ideas.† Wired. Issue 2.03. 10 February 2004 .

Chinua Achebe and the Language of the Colonizer Essay -- Essays Papers

Chinua Achebe and the Language of the Colonizer A powerful instrument of control used by the colonizing powers is the instrument of language. Language forms a huge part of the culture of a people - it is through their language that they express their folk tales, myths, proverbs, history. For this reason, the imperial powers invariably attempted to stamp out native languages and replace them with their own. As Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin point out, there are two possible responses to this control - rejection or subversion. (The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, London: Routledge, 1995. 284) While Ngugi Wa Thiong’o is famous for advocating outright rejection of the colonialist language, believing that this rejection is central to the anti-imperialist struggle, Chinua Achebe has chosen the idea of subversion rather than rejection. According to Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin, his writing â€Å"displays a process by which the language is made to bear the weight and texture of a different experience. In doing so it becomes anothe r language.† In The African Trilogy, Achebe uses the language of the colonizer to convey the Igbo experience of that colonization. The idioms, proverbs and imagery of these books all invoke his Eastern Nigerian culture, forcing the reader to accept on Achebe’s (linguistic) terms, the story he has to tell. Any reader of The African Trilogy comes away with at least a limited knowledge of Igbo words and phrases. Some words such as obi, chi, osu, and egwugwu be... Chinua Achebe and the Language of the Colonizer Essay -- Essays Papers Chinua Achebe and the Language of the Colonizer A powerful instrument of control used by the colonizing powers is the instrument of language. Language forms a huge part of the culture of a people - it is through their language that they express their folk tales, myths, proverbs, history. For this reason, the imperial powers invariably attempted to stamp out native languages and replace them with their own. As Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin point out, there are two possible responses to this control - rejection or subversion. (The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, London: Routledge, 1995. 284) While Ngugi Wa Thiong’o is famous for advocating outright rejection of the colonialist language, believing that this rejection is central to the anti-imperialist struggle, Chinua Achebe has chosen the idea of subversion rather than rejection. According to Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin, his writing â€Å"displays a process by which the language is made to bear the weight and texture of a different experience. In doing so it becomes anothe r language.† In The African Trilogy, Achebe uses the language of the colonizer to convey the Igbo experience of that colonization. The idioms, proverbs and imagery of these books all invoke his Eastern Nigerian culture, forcing the reader to accept on Achebe’s (linguistic) terms, the story he has to tell. Any reader of The African Trilogy comes away with at least a limited knowledge of Igbo words and phrases. Some words such as obi, chi, osu, and egwugwu be...

The Scopes Monkey Trial Essay -- Clarence Darrow, teaching evolution

Ever since science began to explain the previously unexplainable, it has caused conflicts with religion. The Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial of Dayton, Tennessee was one of the most talked about trials in history because it was one of the first and most publicized times that this conflict occurred. The trial showed the schism between the faithful fundamentalists and the newly formed group of evolutionists. Although the jury was reminded that they only had to decide if Scopes had broken the law, the verdict was seen as much more than that. For one of the first times in history, it seemed as if the jury had to choose either religion or evolution. For the time being, there could not be both. The Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial revealed the ongoing conflict with faith and science and set a precedent for decades of conflict to come. The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† was a time period known for its innovation. Skirts got shorter, teens got bolder, and Prohibition was in full swing. These changes also gave way to a time period full of religious conflict. â€Å"In [religious] minds, Prohibition had always been about more than alcohol. It represented an effort to defend traditional American values against the growing influence of an urban, cosmopolitan culture† (Gillon 152). Charles Darwin had published his book, The Evolution of Species, in 1859 and The Descent of Man in 1871, detailing the evolution of man from ape-like creatures. When A Civic Biology, a biology textbook containing information on evolution, was published in 1914, teachers around the country began using it in their courses. By the twenties, these books had sparked all sorts of new ideas regarding the origin of man as well as opposition due to the creature from which he claimed we evolved and to the disagr... ...: Remembering the Scopes Monkey Trial : NPR." NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. Web. 20 May 2010. . France, Mary. ""A Year of Monkey War": The Anti-Evolution Campaign and the Florida Legislature." The Florida Historical Quarterly 54.2 (1975): 156-77. JSTOR. Web. 19 May 2010. Gillon, Steven M. "Scopes: The Battle Over America's Soul." Ten Days That Unexpectedly Changed America. New York: Three Rivers, 2006. Print. Scopes, John. "Reflections on the Scopes Trial by John Thomas Scopes." UMKC School of Law. Web. 19 May 2010. . "The Scopes Trial: Clarence Darrow." UMKC School of Law. Web. 20 May 2010. .

Impact of the Public Sector Reform on Employee Relations Essay

In the 1950s to the 1960s, the Conservative government of Britain had a strong compulsion to adopt a neoliberal stance on economic policies. Certain industries which were nationalized by the Labour Party after the Second World War were privatized. State spending on health, education, and welfare were cut; this was so since too much spending would necessarily result in low economic performance of the whole country (although variation was possible). Military spending were doubled to contribute to the overall economic output of the country. This was continued during the leadership of Lady Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) and her successors. Nevertheless, although allowing a significant reduction of government spending in the welfare sector, the Conservative government instituted some reforms to upgrade government programs on health and the bureaucracy itself. The Local Government Act of 1993, Health Care Complaints Act of 1993, the Parliamentary Commissioner Act of 1994, the Local Government Act of 1974, were some of the examples of the readiness of the Conservative government to put efficiency and cost effectiveness the emblem of a government in service (to the people). These acts passed by the Conservative government were meant to streamline the bureaucracy, increase the powers of the local governments (establishment of new boroughs and counties), extend the powers of the parliamentary Commissioner in investigating cases involving local authorities, improve the health care service by allowing the private sector to invest in government health programs, and put a mechanism to effectively negotiate grievances in the government and its related entities (like government owned corporations). These programs and policies were meant to create a bureaucracy with the intense participation of the private sector. They were programs economic in character. Programs were directed to the service of the public but with the capital from foreign and private individuals playing as the motor of development. The image of these programs seemed to be a positive one; intense partnership between the government and the private sector in the service of the public. With the coming of the Labour party in power, some changes were presented in the halls of the parliament. There was a step to extend the jurisdiction of the Parliamentary Commissioner in matters allowed by parliament (the three Ombudsmen – the Parliamentary Ombudsman, Local Government Ombudsmen, and the Health Service Ombudsman). An act was established also established to increase public sector employment; a move almost totally ignored by the Conservative government in the 1960s. It is expected that due to the changes hitherto described above public sector employment would increase by 360, 000 in the next three years, and almost a million in the following decade. The number of teachers, doctors, nurses, physical therapists, and policemen increase by more than 100, 000. An increase would be expected in other professions (which is around 200, 000). Although a general cut was implemented by the Labour government in the civil service programs, they were compensated by an additional increase of public sector employees. In sum, the reduction was implemented to increase public sector employment since public sector employment is one of the most effective ways of boosting economic performance (due to its manageability). Needless to say, however, these changes proposed or implemented by both the Conservative and Labour governments of Britain have had certain effects or impacts on employee relations. The Health Service Act implemented by the Conservative government proposed a two-valorem system of negotiation between complaints presented by the two parties involved. This action proved to be not very effective as a conflict resolution mechanism for employees. The present Labour government established a so-called conciliator with the aim of: a) to bring the parties involved together for the general purpose of negotiation and settlement of complaint, b) to create activities deemed possible for the attainment of a settlement, and c) to assist the parties involved to reach for a fair agreement. This three-party system of negotiation (which were imitated by other countries) became an effective force in resolving conflicts in the public sector (the employees). The number of resolved cases or agreements had increased since the coming of the Labour Party in power, a huge debacle for the opposition. The creation of metropolitan boroughs and counties made by the Conservative government (acts enumerated above) had also some impact on employee. It fairly promoted intense economic activity in these new districts. Public sector employment had a slight increase. Herein, therefore, it became the duty of the government to institute a law which will protect the interests of the public sector employees. The creation of the Parliamentary Commissioner Act of 1967 and an amended bill in 1974 defined the limits of the Ombudsmen in reviewing cases or complaints presented to them by government employees (against local authorities or other employees). The effect was good for the public sector employees since the number of complaints and perceived problems in the government bureaucracy was reduced. This was not really a good measurement of performance since the number of public sector employees at that time was small; the civil service jobs share in the total number of jobs was about 62 %. Due to the increasing number of public sector employees, the Labour government refined the laws mentioned above. The Ombudsmen were granted right by the parliament to investigated cases independently, with more flexibility and rigour. A general program of action was also presented by the Home Secretary to reform the Parliamentary Commissioner, giving the latter some air of independence when reviewing not only cases involving possible crime committed by members of parliament) to the general public but also to the increasingly significant public sector employees. It was recognized that delays would be averted if this plan of action was implemented, and therefore a possible amiable relationship between employees result. Nevertheless, a revised attached code of ethics was also created to define the limits, behavior, and general attitude of government and public sector employees to lessen if not avoid conflict or mismanagement of delegated or defined duties. The Labour Party in the present can boast of its success both in streamlining the bureaucracy (same policy of the Conservative Party in the 1950s to the 1960s) and providing a ground base of cordial public sector employment system (employment and conflict resolution). One public sector employee noted that the propensity or possibility of having conflict with her peers appears to be zero. This is one indication of the success that the Labour Party can present to the general public. However, such conclusion is not totally accurate. The Conservative Party was able to create brilliant programs that were responsible for the increase in the public sector employment. The program of devolution gave the local governments the right to shape the economic policy of the districts involved. The air of supra liberalism during the Conservative years promoted intense migration from Third world countries. The public sector itself became a hotspot for foreign nationals, of which the British public can depend for their special services. It seemed from the start that conflicts will generally increase because of the heterogeneous character of the public sector employees, but the speculators proved wrong. The code of ethics prepared by the British MP’s became a great piece of political scourge to the Labour Party. Not only that conflicts decreased in the government and the public sector decreased, the ruling government experienced a high trust rating from the two sectors, and of course a high applause from the business sector. The consecutive electoral victories of the Conservative Party (during the leadership of Margaret Thatcher) proved the case. Nevertheless, certain variables have to be considered when reviewing electoral victories for it is itself a locus of different circumstances of advantages. There is one great difference, however, when we talk of the Conservative and Labour policies on public sector employees. It is generally accepted that impersonality should be the hallmark of a bureaucracy and of course the whole economic activity of the country. In the Conservative years, impersonality was always implemented in the government, with strict penalties for noncompliance. However, government officials were not aware that the policies they implemented (as enumerated above) had certain effect on the public sector employees. Employees became resonant of public policy. They became more politically involved in public discussions. And as such, became more impersonal in their dealings with the government and their clients. Economic activity, according to one economist, may well be possible under the environment of impersonality and laxity of economic requirements. This became a starting step for Britain to increase its migration rate. The increasing number of public sector employees heralded a change or revision in the policies of the Labour Party in terms of public sector employment. As mentioned above, the proposed and implemented policies on negotiation and extension of powers of the types of Ombudsmen were generally meant to increase the efficiency of the government to solve disputes arising between employee and employee, employee and employer, and between employee and government officials. Remember that the public sector had increased because of migration. The current composition of the public sector employees deserve a more efficient and complex system of work arrangements. This was generally only an adaptation made by the ruling government, since the composition of the public sector employees during the 1950s to the 1970s is generally different from today. Nonetheless, only two factors in the public sector employees that became the point of reference of a government in power: its size and composition. Although this may be a narrow generalization, the circumstances that followed afterwards prove such assertion.