Principles of Econometrics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Principles of Econometrics - Coursework Example Random assignment does not guarantee that the groups are "matched" or equivalent, only that any differences are due to chance. Control group is a valid counterfactual since it is a proof that your experiment had a specific outcome. At the end of the experiment, you have the results for the control group (the group where no intervention/treatment was applied) and the results for the group(s) where an intervention/treatment was applied. We only get useful information only when we compare those two sets of results. The  Hawthorne effect  (also referred to as the  observer effect) refers to a  phenomenon  whereby individuals improve or modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed Multicollinearity  (also  collinearity) is a statistical phenomenon in which two or more predictor  variables  in a  multiple regression  model are highly  correlated, meaning that one can be linearly predicted from the others with a non-trivial degree of accuracy. In this situation the  coefficient estimates  of the multiple regression may change erratically in response to small changes in the model or the data. (a) Explain what is meant by measurement error and how does it cause endogeneity bias? (4 marks) When the measurement error is in the dependent variable, the zero conditional mean assumption is not violated and thus no endogeneity. However, when the measure error is in the independent variable, the problem of endogeneity arises. Suppose that . Explain how an instrumental variables regression estimated using two stage least squares (TSLS) can be used to obtain consistent estimates of the regression coefficients. (7 marks) Instrumental variable (IVs) methods especially using

The Public Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Public Debt - Essay Example As the paper declares a report issued in April, 2005, by the National Center for Children in Poverty, cites 40 percent of America’s children live in families with poverty level incomes. The Bush Administration, the report says, and Congress has called for dramatic cuts in a program that is already struggling to meet the needs of the low-income families currently on the program. The program, which received increased funding during the 1990s to facilitate the Welfare to Work goals, continued to turn away thousands of needy due to limited resources. Medicaid, a federally sponsored program that works in conjunction with state resources to provide healthcare to needy families, would also be dramatically cut as part of the existing proposals. This essay stresses that congressmen and women enjoy a great many perks at the public expense. According to the National Taxpayer’s Union Foundation, â€Å"Members elected in 1984 and thereafter pay 1.3 percent towards the pension and 6.2 percent to Social Security. This only compensates for about 1/5 of the typical lifetime benefit. We cover the rest as taxpayers.† Why should our lawmakers be held to a different standard than the people struggling to support them? The answer is, they should not, and they should contribute to the retirement and Social Security systems like any other worker in America. When we have lawmakers who routinely look to the elderly, impoverished and children to pay for the Public Debt, perhaps this time around, our cuts should begin with them.

Concept Of Facilities Planning And Plant Layout Computer Science Essay

Concept Of Facilities Planning And Plant Layout Computer Science Essay Background of the problem Today s manufacturing industry is facing problems that have been growing in size and complexity over the last several years. As a result, there is an immediate need for procedures or techniques in solving various problems encountered in today s manufacturing arena without extended shutdown s or expensive modifications ( Clark ,1996). Materials handling equipment and the facilities it operates can contribute to as much as 70 percent of the total cost of the manufactured product (Tompkins et al, 1996). Facilities layout design is part of facilities planning (Tompkins et al, 1996). It is the arrangement of work space which, in general terms smoothes the way to access facilities that have strong interactions. The main concern with the plant facility layout planning is to reduce the cost of materials handling as poor materials handling can generate business problems. To stay competitive in todays market a company must reduce costs by planning for the future Material handling cost is a indirect costs and every company wants to reduce this indirect cost and it constitutes a major part of indirect costs in a facility Therefore even small improvements in material handling costs makes a large reduction in total indirect costs. The cost of material flow is a function of the distance the material is moved between divisions called departments in a manufacturing facility. To reduce material handling costs, it is essential to have an optimal arrangement of departments to minimize the total distance traveled Tompkins (1982) estimated that between 20% and 50% of operating expenses in manufacturing can be attributed to facility planning and material handling. Thus any cost saving in this area can contribute to the overall efficiency of the production system. Due to its wide range of applicability, the facility layout problem will continue to be the subject of research for many years to come. Graph theory and computerized software of facility layout is a powerful tool that allows experimentation with various manufacturing techniques and layout without actual implementation. Based on the above facts, it is obvious that layout optimization and improvement are two tasks that are crucial to any facility planning and layout study. 1.2 Statement of problem JPM Automobiles ltd is an automobile component manufacturing company located in Gurgaon Haryana. The problem area in that company is the departments are not located to according to manufacturing process; processes which have high interdependency are not located close to each other. This cause distance travelled by the material is high from one department to another department which result high material handling cost. Which affect the overall efficiency of the company. In response to the above problems, the need for facilities layout optimization is needed. This dissertation proposes to use Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) as to improve the facility layout of the company by graph theory and BLOCKPLAN software to improve the company performance. The company performance improvements are in terms of productivity increase, reduction in travelling cost and reduction in travelling distance. 1.3 Objectives The problem area in that company is of higher material handling, in-process inventory, poor interdependency of department and inflexibility etc. due to its improper layout. Based on the above fact the objectives of the study are: To conduct a detailed literature review of the facility layout problems. To analyze the existing layout of the company and conduct cost analysis of the existing layout. To propose improvements in the existing layout by graph theory and BLOCKPLAN software. To conduct cost analysis of the existing and proposed layouts. Compare cost analysis of the existing and proposed layout by graph theory and BLOCKPLAN software 1.3 Concept of Facilities Planning and Plant Layout A facility planning is a complex and broad subject that covers several disciplines. It involves civil, electrical, industrial and mechanical engineers, as well as architects, consultants, managers and urban planners. Facilities planning can be divided into two components: facilities location and facilities design. Facilities location is about placement of the facility on a specific plot of land with respect to customers, suppliers and other facilities. Facilities design consists of the facility systems design, the layout design and the handling systems design. The facility systems consist of the structural systems, the environmental systems, the lighting/electrical systems and safety systems. The layout consists of all equipment, machinery and furnishings within the building structure. The handling system consists of the mechanisms needed to satisfy the required facility interactions for a manufacturing plant, the facilities layout, also called plant layout, consists of the productio n areas, production related or support areas and personnel areas within the building. Facilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ planning has become a critical component for companies to keep up with the current market trends in the last few years. In the past facilities planning was primarily considered to be a science. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive global marketplace, facilitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ planning has become a strategy, (Tompkins et al, 2003). 1.4 Facility Layout In any plant, there are large numbers of finite geometric areas i.e. production, machine foundation area, space for inventory, design, production control and supervision are arranged on the floor space of the building. The problem of arranging these areas in an effective manner is the facility layout problem Francis et al (2006) define, facility layout as a technique of locating machines, processes and plant services within the plant, so as to achieve the right quantity and quality of product at the lowest possible cost of manufacturing. The facility layout problem is concerned with an arrangement of physical facilities, such as departments or machines, in certain areas to reduce a companys indirect costs. It has been estimated (Savsar 1991) that between 20 and 50% of the total operating expenses within manufacturing are attributed to material handling, which is directly related to facility layout. A poorly conceived layout can result in congestion and prohibitive material handling costs; and, on the other hand, an effective layout can provide an environment for efficient production. Since indirect costs are the largest portion of a companys total operating cost, the objective of a facilities layout problem is to minimize both interdepartmental flows and the rearrangement costs of changing layouts between time periods. These costs are a function of the amount of material flow and the distance the material is to be moved. The main objective of the facility layout problem is to minimize overall cost, which is directly related to material flow between departments. Generally material flow is represented by the product of the amount of material and the distance the material is moved. The distance traveled is estimated using rectilinear distance between centroids of the departments .Constraints ensure departments do not overlap and departments are of proper size. Many computer algorithms have been developed for designing layouts, mainly for the layout of departments within factories. Types of facilities layout There are four types of plant layout from the point of view of manufacturing Product layout Product layout is based on the processing sequence of part being produced on the line. Parts follow a fixed path through the production resources. In product layout, materials flow from one workstation to next adjacent workstation directly. This type of plant layout is useful when the production process is organized in a continuous manner. Advantages of product layout Simple, smooth logical flow lines result due to fixes sequence of operation. Small work in process inventories due to work from one process is fed directly into the next. Low cost of material handling, due to straight and short route and absence of backtracking. Total production time per unit is short. Since the machines are located so as to minimize distances between consecutive operations, material handling is reduced. Little skill is usually required by operators at the production line; hence, training is simple, short, and inexpensive. Simple production planning control systems are possible. Less space is occupied by work in transit and for temporary storage Disadvantages of product layout Whenever breakdown of one machine stops the entire line in the presence of enough manpower. Lack of process flexibility, since the layout is determined by the product, a change in product design may require major alternations in the layout. Lack of flexibility in timing, as the product cannot flow through the line faster then the slowest task can be accomplished unless that task is performed at several stations. Supervision is general, rather than specialized. Comparatively high investment is required, as identical machines (a few not fully utilized) are sometimes distributed along the line. Worker fatigue as workers may become bored by the endless repetition of simple tasks. Process layout Process layout is also called job shop layout in which the layout for a process department is obtained by grouping of machines according to function of machine centers. Orders for individual products are routed through the various machine centers to obtain the required processing. This type of plant layout is useful when the production process is organized in batches. Machines are general purpose, within their general function area, so that a wide variety of products can be handled. Advantages of process layout A high degree of flexibility exists relative to equipment or manpower allocation for specific tasks. Smaller investment in equipment as duplication is not necessary unless volume is large. The diversity of tasks offers a more interesting and satisfying occupation for the operator. Supervisors for each department become highly, knowledgeable about their functions. Better utilization of machines can result in fewer machines used Disadvantages of process layout Lack of process efficiency as back tracking and long movements may occur in the handling of materials. Lack of efficiency in timing as workers must wait between tasks. Complications of production planning and control Workers must have broad skills and must be paid higher wages than assembly line workers. Comparatively large amounts of in process inventory as space and capital are tied up by work in process. Lowered productivity as each job requires different setups and operator training. Fixed position layout Fixed position layout is generally associated with large, bulky product such as assembly of ship building, aircraft etc. In Fixed position layout workstation are brought to the material. Fixed position layout is shown in fig.1.3 Advantages of fixed position layout Material movement is reduced, minimizes damage or cost of moving. Promotes job enlargement by allowing individuals or teams to perform the whole job. Continuity of operations and responsibility results from team. This reduces the problems of re-planning and instructing people each time a new type of activity is to begin. Highly flexible; can accommodate changes in product design, product mix, and product volume. Independence of production centers allowing scheduling to achieve minimum total production time. Disadvantages of fixed position layout Increased movement of personnel and equipment may be expensive. The necessary combination of skills may be difficult to find and high pay levels may be necessary. Equipment duplication may occur. Higher skill requirements for personnel as they are involved in more operations. General supervision required. Cumbersome and costly positioning of material and machinery. Low equipment utilization as equipment may be left at a location where it will be needed again in a few days rather than moved to another location where it would be productive. Product family layout / Cellular Layout The layout for a product family is based on the grouping of parts to form product family. Groupings are determined by the operations needed to perform work for a set of similar items or part families that require similar processing. A part family is a set of parts that require similar machinery, tooling, machine operations and jig or fixtures. The parts within the family normally go from raw material to finished parts within a single cell. Advantages of cellular Layout Reduced in process inventory Increase operator expertise Improved human relations, job enlargement tend to occur. Supports the use of general purpose equipment Increased machine utilization. Disadvantages of cellular layout General supervision required. Higher skills level required of employees than for product layout. Reduced shop flexibility Depends on balanced material flow between product layout and process layout, otherwise buffers and work in process storage are required. Lower machine utilization than for process layout 1.5 Layout Design Methods and Computer Packages It is highly desirable that the optimum plant layout be designed. Unfortunately, the magnitude of the problem is so great that true system optimization is beyond current capabilities. The approach normally taken in solving the plant layout problem is to try to find a satisfactory solution. Previously, facilities layout problems were solved primarily by using iconic models. Then analytical approaches were developed. In general, plant layout problems can be solved by any of the following approaches: Exact mathematical procedures. Heuristics. Optimal. Graph theory. A number of different procedures have been developed to aid the facilities planner in designing layouts. These procedures can be classified into two main categories: construction type and improvement type. Construction type layout methods basically involve developing a new layout from scratch. Improvement procedures generate layout alternatives based on an existing layout. Based on the above two procedures, many algorithmic approaches have been developed. Some of them are Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) procedure, graph-based construction method, programming, network, Tabu search, simulated annealing and genetic algorithm. Based on these approaches, many computer-aided layout routines have been developed. Some of them are CRAFT, COFAD, CORELAP, ALDEP, PLANET, MULTIPLE, BLOCPLAN . 1.6 Methodology of dissertation This dissertation is to be completed in 3rd and 4th semesters of my M.Tech duration of four semesters. The methodology for this dissertation is stated in Figure 1.1 Introduction Literature review Systematic layout planning Facility layout a case study Company Profile Analysis Conclusion The dissertation report is divided into seven chapters as shown in figure 1.3. The current chapter gives an introduction of Facilities Planning and Plant Layout, Layout Design Methods and Computer Packages. In this chapter is also introducing Background of the problem, Statement of problem, Objectives of the dissertation Chapter 2 provides detailed literature review which would be done throughout the 3rd semester. This chapter covers the different type of facility layout problems and layout design method and commercial software available for solution of facility layout problems. Chapter 3 introduces the details of Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) for generation of layout alternatives. Chapter 4 covers the company background. It covers the company profile, Organization structure of the company, products, esteemed customer and its manufacturing process and its policies. Chapter 5 presents the case study in which existing layout is analyzed and new layout is proposed by GRAPH theory and BLOCKPLAN software and also provides a detailed cost analysis of existing layout and proposed layout. Chapter 6 contains conclusion and future scope.

Culture and Migration: Visiting a Curandera :: Latino Doctor Immigration Globalization Essays

Culture and Migration: Visiting a Curandera If a person had never experienced it before it would probably be strange but through stories and personal experiences the setting was familiar and inviting. Curanderas are almost the equivalent of over-the-counter medicine for Latinos, not really, but close. If there is a symptom it is easier, faster and more comforting to visit the local curandera than it is to visit a doctor. Doctors require tests and until they are certain of the illness, their remedy is Tylenol. Typically, curanderas treat individuals in rooms inside their homes. The curandera we interviewed, Rosa heals in her home and has a small porch that serves as the waiting room which people are lucky if they find a seat because usually curanderas have many patients that are waiting to be cured. As the door opens you can feel your eyes adjust to the dim light within the narrow stretch of porch but once focused it is evident that standing is not an option because there are at least twelve other people waiting for â€Å"la mano santa† roughly translated means the curanderas heavenly touch. Sitting there it is difficult not to listen in on the many conversations that people are engaging in, while waiting. So many different voices all whispering because in the next room everyone knows that the curandera is healing; using her spiritual tools (prayer) to cure. Two women sitting to the right of us were having a detailed conversation about their reasons for coming to the curandera. The younger women with skin the color of â€Å"canela† (cinnamon) as is typical among Latinas was sharing her story with an elderly women that seemed to be in her early sixties, she had so many laugh wrinkles around her eyes and mouth that it was easy to diverge into another train of thought about the type of life that the old women might have lead. The younger girl was telling the older women that she works at the United Postal Service (U.P.S.) unloading boxes from the back of semi-trucks. This is where she was injured, in an attempt to pick a box she hurt her shoulder. The elderly wom an asked her a series of questions such as why she worked at a place that seemed so labor intensive and if see complained to her supervisor. What was

Response to “The American Scholar” Essay

Post- Reading Response In Ralph Waldo Emerson’s 1837 address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Harvard, called â€Å"The American Scholar†, he makes clear his thoughts and ideas on the European cultural and cerebral influence on America. Emerson wanted to get across that American scholars needed to create their own independent American literature and academic world, separate from European history. Emerson uses tone and style to further convey his ideas to the public. The tone that seems constant throughout Emerson’s entire address is a confrontational one. Emerson is confronting the nation on its continuous grip on England and European ways. He is leaving little room for difference of opinion, instead challenging American citizens to do what they have feared most for so many years and let go of their English ties. I believe that the style used in Emerson’s speech is primarily persuasive. The entire address Emerson is attempting to persuade his audience to agree with his outlook. I think that his ultimate aspiration was not only to clearly state his ideas but also to help the public come to their own reasoning and opinions on the matter. Emerson’s confrontational and persuasive techniques used in his speech helped convince the nation that a crucial and valuable change had to be made. Fast-forwarding 173 years, America has successfully detached itself from Europe and we have distinguished ourselves as prominent philosophical and intellectual scholars. But is my generation threatening to reverse the clock and set us back 173 years? Our education in America has sky rocketed since 1837 but recently there has been a tremendous decline in academic and post-academic success. In an article called â€Å"Putting Our Brains on Hold,† Bob Herbert makes it clear that it is my generation to blame for this decline. According to him â€Å"America’s young people are moving in exactly the wrong direction,† and that our society is â€Å"more interested in hip-hop and Lady Gaga than educating its young. Another article we read in class was called â€Å"We’re No. 1(1)! † by Thomas L. Friedman. I’d have to say that I do agree with Friedman’s argument much more than Herbert’s. Both of these writers were ultimately hitting at the same line of reasoning but the way each approached it varied significantly.

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay

Explain how far the views in Source B differ from those in Source A in relation to President Eisenhower and the desegregation of education. Both sources illustrate Eisenhower’s negative opinion on desegregation in schools. Both criticise and portray Eisenhower’s intolerance of black people as Source states Eisenhower’s comment that white people ‘ are concerned about is that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes’ . Eisenhower’s ‘sympathises’; the south as he originates there himself, the intolerance could be considered to be part of the South’s culture and behaviour to be intolerant of the black people, it is arguable that this effected Eisenhower’s political judgement . The fact that Eisenhower came from military background after spending 44 years of his life in service, would have influenced his decisions and opinions on desegregation as military camps were segregated and Eisenhower would have been use to this system. He once again agues from the South’s point of view in Source B, ‘I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men with laws and decisions’ this once again supports the point I made before. Evidence of his intolerance was regretting appointing Earl Warren as chief of justice ‘the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made’ he obviously was very against the decision and never wanted desegregation. The similarities continue as both sources shows the reluctance of helping the black people through desegregation. Source A comments that he didn’t show a clear support for the Supreme Court decision to desegregate schools, ‘his silence encouraged massive resistance’. His political and personal opinions were colliding with each other making his actions limited. Source B shows proof of his reluctance also as it stated three years later he finally protects the little rock 9 with a federal army in 1957. This was the first time Eisenhower showed support of segregation however; it was a ‘weak act’ from Eisenhower. It could be possible that he felt that it was his study as the president not himself supporting civil rights for the black people. However, the sources do differ in the fact that source B states a more positive view on Eisenhower even thought it was considered ‘weak’. As already stated Eisenhower While in presidency did not actively support desegregation and had reservations about the Brown decision, he understood his constitutional responsibility to uphold the federal authority and the law. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to guard and Little Rock and protect black students as they walked to school. He therefore became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. As Source A’s tone is very negative as it quotes intolerant views on the African Americans, it insinuates that Eisenhower is very against African Americans being part of a ‘white society’ this contrast with the little rock 9 as he aids the black people into the school, after his comments it would been unlikely to help the black people but he does. To conclude: source A and B are very similar as they both voice the intolerance and his lack of support Eisenhower gave to the African-Americans. I agree with the source as from my own knowledge he was very against civil rights because of his Sothern influence. His views on desegregation was transparent from his actions and that’s what source and B illustrate (12 Marks) (B) Use Source A, B and C and your own knowledge. How important was the Supreme Court in the development of African-American civil rights in the years 1950 to 1962? The Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation. The Supreme Court would have benefited every African- American with their decisions of passing and lifting laws if they succeeded in winning their cases. It allowed them to have legal rights with in the country and legally be equal to the white people. However, the self-esteem of the African Americans was low due to the intolerance of the white people therefore figures such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and support of political figures such as Kennedy allowed them to be brave and a sense of pride in gaining equality. Therefore, the Supreme Court could be considered less important than other figures and factors that occurred between 1950 and 1962. Source A and B discuss the Brown vs. Topeka’s Board of Education verdict in 1954. The Supreme Court passed the law of desegregated schools by the chief of Justice Earl Warren. He was criticised for his decision such as President Eisenhower, who had shared his annoyance with Warren by stating that is was the ‘biggest damn fool mistake he ever made’. The silence of Eisenhower’s support on desegregation caused massive resistance along with the indirect deadline for when desegregation is to commence. Hence, Brown 2 in 1955 was the attempt to get a clearer deadline than before. However, disappointingly the verdict was ‘with all deliberate speed’ it was still vague and prolonged the wait for desegregation. The Supremes’ role in this particular situation helped civil rights as it declared more equality within America however turned to a hindrance as it become a battle of when it will happen. The decision also caused further problems for the African- Americans as Little Rock complied with the high court’s laws and decided to desegregate there all white school. The NAACP submitted nine students originally to join the school and gradually bring more in and settled them slowly. However, it wasn’t that simply as the 9 students went to enter their school they was verbally abused and tormented by the white southerners, Eisenhower had to submit federal assistance to help them into school , this is stated in source B as it had taken 3 years to show any support from Eisenhower and the south to finally accept desegregation . Eisenhower’s federal involvement was then became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. However, since Brown vs. education Source C states that McLaurin vs. Oklahoma rules that universities too have to follow the desegregation law and that you ‘could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of his/her race’. This proves that the Supreme Court was furthering African American rights through all levels of education making them equal and educated. This is another influence the Supreme Court had over monumental changes for the African Americans and the society around them. However, it is arguable that the Supreme Court only assisted the figures and events that immensely changed civil rights for the African Americans. Events such as the Montgomery Bus boycott in 1956 were a political and social protest. after the arrest of Rosa parks African Americans were ready to take action and regain some equality and raise the issue of how wrong it is to make a ‘tired, old lady’ to move, even if it wasn’t entirely true. The boycott was led by the group the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) Saturday 3rd December the black community supported each other as a lot of people avoided the busses and had to take rides with other people in the community, even though it was difficult the supporters of the cause enthusiastically agreed to continue the boycott until there was justice. The success of the black people boycotting led to economic stress were the issue of segregation would be over. The fact that one event, encourage African Americans to stand for their rights influenced and uncovered the most influential figures in civil right history and gained justice from their efforts. This is repeated again the 1960 in the Greensboro sit-in’s when African Americans refuse to move to from their seats in the Woolworths store. Their numbers increased in support and was watched by the world; even Eisenhower voiced his opinions on the matter. These nonviolent protests allowed black people to become a part of changing their future and not relying on court cases and individuals to get them there. Arguably even though they gained great success the black people didn’t have any legal hold on desegregating the bus system, thus the Browder vs. Gayle case. The Supreme Court upheld the district court’s decision in making bus’s desegregated. Without the confirmation from the Supreme Court all the black people’s efforts would have resulted to nothing without the confirmation of the Supreme Court. Rosa parks is seen in our modern day history as an inspirational civil rights leader. Her story influenced thousands of African Americans to boycott buses and gain equality. However, her image of being a ‘hard working, old, fragile women’ who wanted to rest her feet after a long day isn’t true at all. She had been an active protester and NAACP member for years and probably planned this protest to gain publicity and change. Due to her protest Martin Luther King was noticed as a civil rights figure, he had been watched from all over the world and from then on seen as the leading civil rights leader. His efforts in the SCLC created in 1957 after the Montgomery bus boycott, helped the southern African Americans who suffered from great intolerance . However, once again their efforts amounted to achieving the legalisation of equality, without the Supreme Court all their efforts went to nothing. To conclude: even though Martin Luther King is seen as the saviour of the African Americans in gaining equality and is still admired in our modern day society, it is the supreme court that allowed them legally to be treated as equals and live the lives they should live. However, without the efforts and protests the Supreme Court would never have considered to pass or all the African Americans to have the equality they gained through their efforts. Therefore, the other factors that influenced African Americans development on civil rights were more important than the Supreme Court. (2A) Explain why school were not immediately desegregated after the verdict in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education case of 1954 * Â  Earl Warren passed desegregation in 1954 in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of education. This was to end segregation. The NAACP appointed Thurgood to take the case and won with Earl Warren’s confirmation However, Warren didn’t set the deadline when schools should be desegregated. This prolonged desegregation and led to the court case Brown 2 in 1955 to gain directness on when desegregation will commence .However the verdict remained vague commenting that desegregation should happen with ‘all deliberate speed’ allowing desegregation, once again to be prevented from racial diversity in schools. This suggests that the Supreme Court was reluctant to desegregate schools fully due to Eisenhower’s silence and the South’s reluctance to do so. Other than the Cooper vs. Aaron case, the southern manifesto is proof of their reluctance as this was a legal document signed by 99 politicians to counter the decision on Brown vs. Education, because of the legality and not just the opinions of the south. This then makes the manifesto more than reluctance but a serious legal matter. Their claim matched the opinions of the south commenting that ‘segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The southern manifesto stated that ‘It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races’, ‘It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding’ to make their argument fair and agreeable they used the idea that desegregation will bring violence and issues to the communities when there is no need. Even though some areas (especially in the north where it was more tolerant) accepted desegregation quickly. However, a lot of the south continued segregation as they didn’t agree with the Brown vs. Board of Education, thus the southern manifesto. The build-up of tension of intolerance was at little rock. Little rock school in Arkansas decided to comply with the high court’s ruling. The NAACP submitted 9 students to the previously all white school. They was verbally abused and tormented as they entered the school, President Eisenhower had to send federal troops to protect the 9 children. This suggests that ‘fear’ that was presented in the southern manifesto was proven to be true allowing anxiety for other schools and black people to comply with desegregation. President Eisenhower originated from the south and voiced intolerance himself about the decisions of Brown vs. board of education. It was commented that his silence encouraged massive resistance to applying the new law forcefully through the country as he did not agree with the verdict. It was also claimed that he voiced annoyance about appointing Earl Warren stating that it was ‘The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made’ this is evidence of his intolerance because he disapproved of Warren’s decision. Being a military man himself he was use to the segregation system and probably agreed with the idea of ‘separate but equal’. This suggests why the Supreme Court had given vague answers of when the deadline should be on desegregation because the president wasn’t happy with the decision. To conclude: there were many factors to why desegregation wasn’t immediate however; the most important factor that contributed to preventing desegregation was the south. The fear, the legal documentation created by the south, the behaviour and the powerful leaders from the south made the desegregation difficult and tense. The South’s intolerance caused the most issues, as the north complied with high court’s decision quickly as there was less intolerance. Â  * (2B) ‘The work of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was the most important reason for the desegregation of schools in the years 1950 to 1960’ * Explain why you agree or disagree with this view * The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Their mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. They are the earliest organisation to aid African- Americans into equality. They have had many successes in desegregating schools and their efforts have gone far however, it is arguable that other organisations, figures and events that were more influential to desegregation in schools than the NAACP. * The NAACP had succeeded in other cases for the rights of black people however; it was the Brown vs. Board of Education that is considered NAACP’s victorious achievement. But, without the work of Thurgood marshal that was appointed by the NAACP the outcome might have been different. Other than being the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court he had won 29 out of the 32 he had faced. He was a very intelligent and stood for his rights after winning previous cases for the NAACP himself and a team of NAACP attorneys won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Other than the NAACP winning the case Thurgood who was part of the NAACP team, was an inspiration to the African Americans. However, the decision didn’t lead to an immediate change as there was no clear deadline. The NAACP and Marshall forgot to argue its urgency for change therefore, Brown 2 the case that was to get the urgency it needed however, the decision was vague as it stated ‘with deliberate speed’. The NAACP did succeed in the decision of desegregation but it had no action. NAACP helped all African American’s in need such as the Little Rock 9 in 1957. The NAACP submitted 9 students to attend the previously all white school Little Rock, this was an achievement as a lot of the south wasn’t and would not comply with the high court’s orders. However, this turned into a disadvantage as The 9 students was verbally abused, tormented and prevented to enter their new school. The NAACP however, did help them try and enter or submit them in different and safer schools. It wasn’t just Little Rock students that they helped enter schools but many. * It is arguable that other factors effected the desegregation of schools such as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had to pass the laws to gain legal equality, therefore the Brown vs. Education case without the Chief of Justice Earl Warren reaching the decision that segregation is unconstitutional. Desegregation would never have gone through. They pass the McLaurin vs. Oklahoma state regents, this was to desegregate universities. However, other cases were inspired by the efforts of the NAACP, and the outcome they reached in the Brown vs. board of Education Verdict. * However, it was the ordinary people that changed their future by joining protests and helping each other. Such as Linda Brown, if it wasn’t for Linda’s cause the case to bring desegregation to schools. Linda Brown was the Daughter to Oliver Brown, because of his annoyance that his daughter had to walk 6 blocks because of the Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling ‘separate but equal’ under the Jim Crow laws. Her long walks to school led to one of the most monumental events that happened for African Americans. However, Linda Brown was part one of the thirteen families that was recruited to Topeka (the area they lived in), the NAACP took the case for Brown and pursued his plan to desegregate schools. * To conclude: The NAACP efforts in desegregating schools were more important than the other factors that influenced desegregations. Without The NAACP providing lawyers such as Marshall and helping brown win his case, Oliver brown wouldn’t of won the case. I believe that the NAACP’s involvement in the desegregation of schools was the main reason and that’s why I agree with the statement.

Impressions of a Traveler in U.S. History essays

Impressions of a Traveler in U.S. History essays First of all, I do not want you to worry about me. I am in America now, and I am alive, at least. I am living on a large farm; they call them "plantations" here. There are many people from our village here, and we talk about all of you at home often, at least, when the overseer (he's the boss) isn't looking, and we are allowed to talk with each other. You will be happy to know that I live with a good family, and they are watching over me as much as they can. I will tell you what happened to me since you last saw me, and what my life is like now. You remember that I left our village to look for food, and that was the last you saw of me. Some men where hiding in the bush, and they attacked me and carried me to the coast, where they had many other of our people herded together like animals. They moved us onto a huge structure that floated upon the water that they called a "ship." The ship floated all the way across the water from our home to America, and it was a long and terrible trip. Hundreds of us were thrown into the bottom of the ship where there was no light and no fresh air. There was nowhere for our body waste, and food came down to us in a bucket, when it came at all. The stench was horrible, and many of our people died on that journey. By the time we arrived in America, most of us were so weak we could barely walk. Our captors took us from the ship in chains, and placed us on public display in a large city, where people came and haggled over us as if we were melons in the street market back home. A large man in a white suit with a big, wide hat purchased several others from our village and me, and we left the city still chained together. It took us two days to reach our new home; in a land the people here call "Georgia." The earth is good here, and the "master," as he is called, grows a perplexing crop called cotton, that is backbreaking to hoe and p...

How to Create the Ideal Study Space

How to Create the Ideal Study Space Your study space is critical to your ability to study effectively. This doesnt necessarily imply that you have to find a place thats completely silent and set it up as your study area, but it does mean you should find a place to study that fits your specific personality and learning style. Identifying Your Ideal Study Space Everyone has different study preferences. Some of us need a completely quiet room free from any audible distractions. Others actually study better listening to quiet music in the background or taking several breaks. You will study most effectively if you make your study time special, like a ceremony. Assign yourself a specific place and regular time. Some students even give a name to their study space.It might sound crazy, but it works. By naming your study space, you generate more respect for your own space. It might just keep your little brother away from your things too! Creating Your Study Space Evaluate your personality and preferences. Discover whether or not you are vulnerable to noise and other distractions. Also determine if you work better by sitting quietly for a long period of time or if you need to take short breaks once in awhile and then return to your work.Identify the space and claim it. Your bedroom may be the best place to study, or it may not be. Some students associate their bedrooms with rest and simply cant concentrate there.A bedroom can also be problematic  if you share a room with a sibling. If you need a quiet place without distraction, it might be better for you to set up a place in the attic, basement, or garage, completely away from others.Make sure your study area is comfortable. It is very important to set up your computer and chair in a way that wont harm your hands, wrists and neck. Make sure you chair and monitor are the right height and lend themselves to a proper ergonomic position for hours of comfortable studying. Take care to avoid repet itive stress injury as this can lead to lifelong difficulties. Next, stock your study space with all the tools and supplies you’ll need, and make sure the space is comfortable in temperature. Establish study rules. Avoid unnecessary arguments and misunderstandings with your parents by establishing when and how you study.If you know that you are able to study effectively by taking breaks, just say so. You may want to create a homework contract. Communicate with your parents and explain the ways in which you study best and why its important for your to take breaks, listen to music, grab a snack, or make use of whatever method best enables effective studying.

Penny Press - One Cent Newspapers

Penny Press - One Cent Newspapers The Penny Press was the term used to describe the revolutionary business tactic of producing newspapers which sold for one cent. The Penny Press is generally considered to have started in 1833, when Benjamin Day founded The Sun, a New York City newspaper. Day, who had been working in the printing business, started a newspaper as a way to salvage his business. He had nearly gone broke after losing much of his business during a  local financial panic caused by the cholera epidemic of 1832. His idea of selling a newspaper for a penny seemed radical at a time when most newspapers sold for six cents. And though Day merely saw it as a business strategy to salvage his business, his analysis touched upon a class divide in society. Newspapers that sold for six cents were simply beyond the reach of many readers. Day reasoned that many working class people were literate, but were not newspaper customers simply because no one had published a newspaper targeted to them. By launching The Sun, Day was taking a gamble. But it proved successful. Besides making the newspaper very affordable, Day instituted another innovation, the newsboy. By hiring boys to hawk copies on street corners, The Sun was both affordable and readily available. People wouldn’t even have to step into a shop to buy it. Influence of The Sun Day did not have much of a background in journalism, and The Sun had fairly loose journalistic standards. In 1834 it published the notorious â€Å"Moon Hoax,† in which the newspaper claimed scientists had found life on the moon. The story was outrageous and proven to be utterly false. But instead of the ridiculous stunt discrediting The Sun, the reading public found it entertaining. The Sun became even more popular. The success of The Sun encouraged James Gordon Bennett, who had serious journalistic experience, to found The Herald, another newspaper priced at one cent. Bennett was quickly successful and before long he could charge two cents for a single copy of his paper. Subsequent newspapers, including the New York Tribune of Horace Greeley and the New York Times of Henry J. Raymond, also began publication as penny papers. But by the time of the Civil War, the standard price of a New York City newspaper was two cents. By marketing a newspaper to the widest possible public, Benjamin Day inadvertently kicked off a very competitive era in American journalism. As new immigrants came to America, the penny press provided very economical reading material. And the case could be made that by coming up with a scheme to save his failing printing business, Benjamin Day had a lasting impact on American society.

'In the appellate court of last resort a balance must be struck Essay

'In the appellate court of last resort a balance must be struck between the need on one side for the legal certainty resulting - Essay Example It has generally been observed that the pragmatic value of precedent gains prominence, whereas its justice seeking aspect tends to be overlooked. As such, precedent is the intersection between law and justice.2 In England and Australia, the highest courts tend to regard the decisions of their lower but superior courts as being highly persuasive. For instance, the highest court of Australia, namely the High Court of Australia accords considerable importance to the rulings made by the Supreme Courts of the various states. Precedent in its narrow sense, or the doctrine of stare decisis, denotes that the courts of appeal, in the normal course, consider themselves bound by their own rulings. 3 An important illustration of this is provided by the stance of the House of Lords till the year 1966. Prior to that year, their Lordships had considered their previous decisions to be sacrosanct, and had stated that they would not overrule them. This has changed, and the highest courts of Australia and the UK have now adopted the view that they would decide contrary to their previous rulings, provided there was a very strong reason for such departure. 4 Despite the promotion of certainty and consistency by the doctrine of precedent, it does suffer from some drawbacks. ... Even if the statements made in previous cases are clear, there could be confusion as to whether that statement had been a component of the ratio decidendi of that case.5 This makes it difficult to decide whether it had been binding or was just obiter dicta. Another major issue is the following. In Australia, appellate cases are usually heard by three judges in the Supreme Courts of the states. The corresponding number of judges is five in the High Court. It has been frequently observed that these judges will generally provide individual judgements. The result is several sets of legal reasons. Moreover, it is common for each judge to express opinions that differ from the other judges hearing the case. Such differences could have a critical impact upon subsequent cases. Consequently, it becomes very difficult to identify what is binding.6 Although it seems that the doctrine of precedent could hinder change and development in the law, this is only partially true. The development and cha nge in law is a continuous process, which is on the whole unspectacular. Precedent is not interpreted in a mechanical manner, and the extant law tends to be subjected to a continuous process of analysis and reinterpretation. Past events are reinterpreted by each generation, and this changes history. Similarly, the extant law undergoes continuous reinterpretation and is comprehended afresh.7 Thus, whenever, a superior court judge examines a disputed legal point and there is a reporting of the decision taken by the judge, a certain amount of change transpires in the totality of the common law. In Davis v Johnson,8 the substantive issues considered related to the degree of discretion bestowed upon county courts by section 1 of the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial

Marketing Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Changes - Essay Example For launching a new Product or services we should keep concentration on following: Proctor & Gamble offers coupon in Sunday paper for promoting sales their product. These coupons are basically made for giving discount on the purchase of proctor & Gamble products. For getting discount on the purchased product of proctor & gamble, one need to show the coupon or its equivalent like key ring. After collecting some coupons from Sunday papers, you will get a Key Ring. And when you go to grocery shop for purchasing some products of proctor & gamble, you show or give your key ring and get the equivalent discount on the product. Second example of such type of marketing can be seen in marketing of the news papers. For that new paper offers one coupon in their daily edition, each coupon is given a serial number & they offer if you collect 45 coupons serially & stick them on a single form or paper and submit to new agencies, you may have chances for getting a gift may be a car, a bike, an oven etc. In this phenomenon news paper agency collects the form or paper containing 45 coupons and send it to the head office. In head office each form is given a unique number. After that head office declares date of Lucky draw. And in Lucky draw they pickup any number and then offer the gift to the customer. Marketing: In

Fundamentals of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fundamentals of Communication - Essay Example His self concept is bolstered by the amount of success that he attains over a period of time and by the kind of appreciation that the people hold for him in essence. It makes him realize that he is doing something right and hence should be hailed by all and sundry. There is a dire need on his part that the people around him get his message and thus deliver their appreciation back to him. It would raise the bar that surrounds his environments as well as makes him feel elated on most of the occasions. One of the concepts that come about within this discussion center on the premise of bringing in his self identity in close contact with what he aspires to achieve, backed up with the motivational levels that shall make him feel successful at the end of the day. An individual might showcase a number of self identities and concepts that keep on changing as and when the need so arises. What is really required is a vision to set things right within the personality of the individual under cons ideration and thus find the one (self identity/concept) that closely matches with his profile and then go about doing the basics right towards the people at large and the society without any problems whatsoever. The self concept discussion is observable because many different representations are showcased every now and so often by the individual under consideration. This would mean that he is doing his best to tell everyone what kind of successes lie in store for him if he is being his real self and telling to the world about his strengths without any issues. The need here is to contemplate the fact that the self concept will remain detectable without any problems coming to the fore. It would also mean that he is being true to his own individual personality and not representing someone who he is not. If the same happens, his self concept and self identity domains would lose track and hence a totally new personality would emerge on the horizon.

Fruitful occasions.Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fruitful occasions.Project Management - Essay Example The philosophy used in developing the project is based on the traditional (PMBOK Guide) A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. It also incorporates the benefits and pitfalls of different techniques uses to breakdown the work structure and tools used to plan and execute the project. The risk management structure is enforced and in place during the entire project cycle and different strategies are being used to mitigate and manage possible risk. The risk management structure monitors the progress of the project executed and develops strategies to reduce the impact of any future risk on the project as well. The project is based in Bahrain and further implications of productive prospective are included contained in the project scope. 1. Project Overview: Fruitful Occasions is a service that facilitates serving delicious fresh fruit and flowers nationwide for any occasion. It specialises in artistic flower making in combination with fresh fruits, which not only looks pleasan t to eyes but also taste delicious. Customer satisfaction is the key element therefore fresh gourmet chocolate and fruits are utilised in bouquets and gift sets so that it could create a lasting impression for special occasions. Orders can either be customised or placed from catalogue through the website. Customers can select order according to the occasion or random and add to their shopping cart. Payments are accepted through PayPal, Credit and Debit Cards only. Customer’s details are saved in the order form in order to maintain confidentiality of the order. Once the order has been placed, the invoice will be sent to the customer for acknowledgement. With the acceptance of order, a contract will be established between the client and the company. In case of changes in price, first it will be communicated to the customer, if agreed then the order will be preceded (Fruitful Occasions, 2012). This report illustrates the entire project life cycle from execution, planning, schedu ling and controlling the process by usage of resources in finite time to achieve a suitable goal. It will facilitate towards provision of exclusive services in Bahrain, which includes gifts delivery, flowers and fruits bouquets nationwide. The project is time specified and within qualitative and cost constraints (Kerzner, 2009). 2. Characteristics of the Project: It is implemented under the Project Charter, which encompasses the needs and specification of the project within its defined scope. The characteristics of the project are further illustrated below (Kerzner, 2009, pp. 23-27). 2.1 Aims and Objectives: The aim of this project is the execution of flower and fruits gift services in Bahrain, which shall be par excellence of the customers’ demands. The objectives are finite as it aims to reach household and corporate sector. It works on demand and premium delivery services to ordinary delivery services that is attainable and can be measurable in terms of profit and happy cu stomers. 2.2 Scope and Constraints: The scope of the project facilitates to provide premium or excellent quality flowers and fresh delicious fruits to the new market. It will also focus on high customer satisfaction and PR reviews. The funds for the project are within the project scope as executed by the company’s management and board. Lastly, the time is critical and important for the project life cycle therefore it is essential for the project to be completed with the prescribed time limit. 2.3 Stakeholders: The main stakeholder of the project is the company

Why does the United States have an inconsistent policy in the middle Essay - 2

Why does the United States have an inconsistent policy in the middle east - Essay Example It is argued that United States foreign policy should reflect the national values and the goals set up by the founding fathers of the U.S (Oren, pp.23).  The united states  have been on the receiving end towards its policies in the Middle East, a situation that has shifted from the last 200 years (Schuler, para.2). This paper  therefore  explores the reason for United States foreign policy inconsistency in the Middle East. Interest of United States in Middle East One of the reason the United States keep shifting goal post when it comes to foreign policy towards Middle East is that it has a legitimate interest in the region.  The presence of United States in Middle East commenced during the American civil war when the Ottoman Empire and the United States entered a treaty on trade and maritime law and this was merely to get oil from the region (Schuler, para.6).  The motive of foreign policy that was aimed at oil shipment and other trade suffered setbacks when there were ma jor shake ups in Saudi Arabia and Iran and this led to the shift of the policy to safeguard the interest of the United States.  The situation was further aggravated by the Iraq-Iran War which interfered with Gulf Shipment and this lead to changes in the foreign policy. The incoherent and inconsistent foreign policy towards Middle East is also a way of securing access to the region that has vital oil resources.  United States seeks to ensure a constant supply and open flow of oil and this has led formulation of foreign policy that supports corrupt and repressive royal family of Saudi Arabia who violate human rights in the country.  The need for open flow of oil also meant that United States up  to  1970s  supported  the corrupt and repressive shah of Iran (Kamrava, pp.198). This has led to the breeding of leaders that are not welcomed at home although United States strongly support them so as to accomplish its interest. The issue of balancing the national and domestic p olitical interest has also resulted in conflicting foreign policy in the Middle East. This has made it difficult for the United States government to formulate consistent policies towards the Middle East Region.  For example, due to the differences between the white house advisers and officials in the state department and pentagon led President Truman to formulate a reactive and inconsistent policy towards Palestine in 1947-1949 a situation that contributed to escalated tensions in United States relations with both Israel and the Arab Community (Hahn,pp.45).The level at which United States administrators have succeeded in safeguarding United States interest in the Middle East has  therefore  largely depended on the incumbent president. Securing Territorial Boundary in Middle East United States foreign policy has not been inconsistent in terms of maintaining the status quo of the Middle East territorial boundary (Oren, pp.35). This has led to support of other nations while sidel ining others.  For instance, there has  been  unqualified support for Israel with a view of maintaining the territorial boundary between Palestine and Israeli.  United States is offering economic and military assistance to Israeli and  these  incoherent policies  have created perceptions in the Middle East that is the main cause of injustices in the region.  Currently, majority of the Middle East countries view United States and Israel has  having  mutual interest or that Israel is a tool of United States foreign policy (Kamrava, pp.197). Global Superpower The position of United states globally especially after the Gulf war and the Cold war also led to the development of various foreign policies which were inconsistent and some of them generated anger and resentment in the Middle Ea

Life and debt, Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life and debt, - Movie Review Example Unfortunately, due to global economic policies set by sovereign states like US, Jamaica was now obscure and heavily burdened with debts to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) and other international lending agencies. It has to simultaneously reform its economy despite high cost of energy while continuing to pay for its debts. Like Jamaica, Ethiopia, a developing country in Eastern Africa, also encounters poverty issues. Its economic activities depend widely on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is done by small-scale farmers and enterprises and a large part of commodity exports is provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Being a Third World country, Ethiopia has minimal access to banking and financial services, making it one of, if not the least monetized country in the world. From this, it can be assumed that the global economic crisis may not like ly affect much of the country’s economical activities, because of the fact that it is not intertwined with any western countries and the rest of the world.

Why does the United States have an inconsistent policy in the middle Essay - 2

Why does the United States have an inconsistent policy in the middle east - Essay Example It is argued that United States foreign policy should reflect the national values and the goals set up by the founding fathers of the U.S (Oren, pp.23).  The united states  have been on the receiving end towards its policies in the Middle East, a situation that has shifted from the last 200 years (Schuler, para.2). This paper  therefore  explores the reason for United States foreign policy inconsistency in the Middle East. Interest of United States in Middle East One of the reason the United States keep shifting goal post when it comes to foreign policy towards Middle East is that it has a legitimate interest in the region.  The presence of United States in Middle East commenced during the American civil war when the Ottoman Empire and the United States entered a treaty on trade and maritime law and this was merely to get oil from the region (Schuler, para.6).  The motive of foreign policy that was aimed at oil shipment and other trade suffered setbacks when there were ma jor shake ups in Saudi Arabia and Iran and this led to the shift of the policy to safeguard the interest of the United States.  The situation was further aggravated by the Iraq-Iran War which interfered with Gulf Shipment and this lead to changes in the foreign policy. The incoherent and inconsistent foreign policy towards Middle East is also a way of securing access to the region that has vital oil resources.  United States seeks to ensure a constant supply and open flow of oil and this has led formulation of foreign policy that supports corrupt and repressive royal family of Saudi Arabia who violate human rights in the country.  The need for open flow of oil also meant that United States up  to  1970s  supported  the corrupt and repressive shah of Iran (Kamrava, pp.198). This has led to the breeding of leaders that are not welcomed at home although United States strongly support them so as to accomplish its interest. The issue of balancing the national and domestic p olitical interest has also resulted in conflicting foreign policy in the Middle East. This has made it difficult for the United States government to formulate consistent policies towards the Middle East Region.  For example, due to the differences between the white house advisers and officials in the state department and pentagon led President Truman to formulate a reactive and inconsistent policy towards Palestine in 1947-1949 a situation that contributed to escalated tensions in United States relations with both Israel and the Arab Community (Hahn,pp.45).The level at which United States administrators have succeeded in safeguarding United States interest in the Middle East has  therefore  largely depended on the incumbent president. Securing Territorial Boundary in Middle East United States foreign policy has not been inconsistent in terms of maintaining the status quo of the Middle East territorial boundary (Oren, pp.35). This has led to support of other nations while sidel ining others.  For instance, there has  been  unqualified support for Israel with a view of maintaining the territorial boundary between Palestine and Israeli.  United States is offering economic and military assistance to Israeli and  these  incoherent policies  have created perceptions in the Middle East that is the main cause of injustices in the region.  Currently, majority of the Middle East countries view United States and Israel has  having  mutual interest or that Israel is a tool of United States foreign policy (Kamrava, pp.197). Global Superpower The position of United states globally especially after the Gulf war and the Cold war also led to the development of various foreign policies which were inconsistent and some of them generated anger and resentment in the Middle Ea

Response to Horatio Alger of H. L. Dalton Essay Example for Free

Response to Horatio Alger of H. L. Dalton Essay Harlon L. Dalton in his essay Horatio Alger criticizes a concept of the American dream the idea that presents America as the country where the opportunity for a success is possible for all hard working, talented and determined people regardless of race, gender and their social status. Dalton implies that not only this idea is not true but is doing a harm to society because that equality is cover only wishful thinking and can not be true unless massive changes in society economic structure and relocation of resources will be done. Daltons essay presents the point of view with that I can only partially agree. I must say that author is probably right that in this country the opportunities are not equal for all people. Why they should be? This world is not a paradise; we cannot just overcome overnight all either what is bad in us or in our society, it a complicated and I assume time-consuming process. I would like to give an example: I could tell the employer: you must employ the African-American and not white man that will be wrong not only because it could be white man who truly deserves this position but because the employer should really be aware that what is good for his company is to employ the more talented employee. There should be no law to force him whom he could employ. Therefore, there must be change in people and their thinking; it may take sometimes a generation or two. Nevertheless, even America is not fully fulfilled dream for all people; it opened the door of success for many and still is opening for others. This vast country gave opportunity for first settlers to success. Only strong and smart could survive in the harsh environment but their hard work was well paid, and they learned how to use this land to live well. As many newcomers came, the opportunity diminished making the dream more difficult to fulfill. It does not mean that American Dream died then; it is been well preserved in American constitution and richness of this country that is a good base to create that wonderland of equal opportunities for all people. Day after day this country is changing the more women achieve the most important positions in the enterprises, the more African-American stars appears on the big  screen, our children have more friends of different races and we do not mind to go to the doctor whose color of skin is different than ours. That is a big achievement and that is American dream. Dalton says not only that we live in the inequality but also that the concept of American dream is making harm to the society because allows to believe in what is not true and stop the reforms that should be done to prevent these inequalities. In my opinion, American Dream is self-realizing idea: the more people will believe in equality the more equality will be. If every man in this country will believe that all people have equal rights that will be no need to introduce massive changes in the structure of the economy and in the location of public resources as the author suggests. The problem is people still do not believe in it and therefore act as they should not act protecting those who they should not and rejecting these whom they should protect. There is another good reason to believe in American Dream; this dream is the engine that makes people works harder and more effectively, what helps to create the economical betterment of this country. I truly believe also that if any of social or racial group feels that its rights are abused it will refuse to work hard and in consequences it will fall off from the pursuit of money and goods and this way only worsen its own situation. In the conclusion, American dream is not failed idea as author wanted to present it. Although we do not live with a total equality, this dream is reflecting people desire America to be such a country and it is the factor that is making the America what is today in economical and social dimension. Bibliography Dalton H.A. Horatio Alger.

Why Do The Sociologists Need Theories?

Why Do The Sociologists Need Theories? In simple terms, theories are used by sociologists to explain how social phenomena has occurred. A theory is used as an explanation by sociologists as to why something occurs in society. Durkheim quotes, sociology is a way to discover ultimate truths about society, for the purpose of social improvement (Seidman, 2008). For most sociologists this quote summarizes the reasons they study society and in turn use theories to explain social phenomena. Theories offer people in sociology and outside sociology another view or take on a certain aspect of society. The more theories there are, the more choice and freedom of thought there is for someone looking for answers as to why society is the way it is. Hence theories are essential to the continuing development of society, providing potential answers to those who seek them. It is natural for humans to ask why and seek answers. Sociologist also use theories to abstract particular information and convert it into more general material, so that others can make sense of it. Further more they use theories to categorise and group sociological happenings into a specific class. In order to illustrate the above, the Neo-Marxist theorists Althusser and Gramsci will be compared, seeing as they both have their own unique approach to Marxism and interpreted Marxs ideas in different ways. Gramsci was the humanitarian Neo-Marxist while Althusser was more of a scientific Neo-Marxist (Kellner, 2005). With Althusser being a structuralist he in turn rejected Marxs Hegelian essentialism, the two kinds of which being economism and humanism (Scott, 2007). Hence Althusser was very much an anti-economist and anti-humanist. Althusser viewed ideology itself a determining inflection that moulds consciousness and ultimately represents a considerably large swerve away from economic determination (Scott, 2007). For Althusser ideology portrayed the relationship between the persons imagination and their actual conditions of existence. He felt that ideology transformed humans into subjects of ideological process that shaped them while at the same time they are conned into viewing t hemselves as self- determining agents. (Benton 1998). Further more Althussers theories can often relate to functionalism (Swingewood, 2000). Gramsci was also a strongly influential Marxist thinker. Like Althusser, he rejected economism, but also rejected crude materialism and instead offer a humanist version of Marxism which focused on human subjectivity (Nield Seed, 1981). He adopted the term hegemony to depict the supremacy of social classà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ over others which in essence referred in particular to the bourgeoisie dominance over the working class (Nield Seed, 1981). As well as hegemony being used as an economic and political tool, he felt it gave the dominant bourgeoisie class the ability to project its own way of viewing the world upon the lower classes who then accept this as common sense and part of life. A key difference between the two Marxist theories is that contrary to Althusser, Gramsci highlights struggle and conflict (Nield Seed, 1981). He claimed that common sense was not a solid state and constantly transformed itself. Gramsci s theory meant a rejection of economism due to th e fact it saw the struggle for ideological hegemony as a major factor in social change. Overall, there were more criticisms of Althussers theories that in turn led many to favor Gramscis theories, with particular credit given to his theory of hegemony. A number of strengths can be found across the board of Marxist theory. Contrary to the mass media, Marxism takes into account the importance of explicit theory (Swingewood, 2000). The Marxist critical theory attracts consideration to the matter of political and economic interests in the mass media and emphasizes the social inequalities in media representation whilst revealing the myth of value-free social science (Swingewood, 2000). Whilst Althussers theories help to attenuate the allegory of the absolute individual, other Marxist attitudes see the media as a site of struggle. Marxist theory accentuates the importance of social class in relation to the media and the publics understanding of media, which remains a valuable factor in media assay (Kellner, 2005). This Marxist analysis is useful in that during the distribution of power in society, certain types of reality end up with more influence than others, which in essence means Marxist theory reveals how the media makes less import ant new seem far more important that it is. Meanwhile more serious and important news is sometimes swept aside and not focused on by the media for a tactical purpose. While the strengths of Marxist theory seem to outweigh the limitations, some limitations can be found. Some contest that Marxism is just another ideology, with some Marxists being accused of being too doctrinaire (following the theory regardless of its practicality). Fundamentalist Marxism is crudely deterministic, allowing not much amplitude for human agency or subjectivity (Swingewood, 2000). Another point is that Marxism is often seen as an elevated form of theory which concentrates on the grand scheme and in turn averting empirical research. This means Marxist analysis of media does not include vigorous enough studies. In conclusion, sociologists need theories to explain social phenomena and explain how the sociological world has come to be like it is. Theories offer people another view on a certain aspect of society. We all think theoretically in our own way, although the key difference that sociological theorists use is that they think theoretically in a systematic manner. Sociological theorists will arrive at different explanations for events than the theoretical approach of a normal person, and therefore will need to create a theory to explain it. Using the example of Marxist theories and theorists, in particular Althusser and Gramsci, it is possible to see why sociologists need theories. Praktische opdracht A.K: Nike Praktische opdracht A.K: Nike Inleiding: Ik heb dit merk gekozen omdat ik er graag meer over wil weten. Ik weet wel dat het eindproduct heel mooi is, maar wat voor soorten textiel ze gebruiken en hoe de import en export wordt geregeld weet ik allemaal nog niet. Ik hoop dat ik doormiddel van dit onderzoek er wel achter zal komen. Deelvraag 1: Hoe is Nike ontstaan? Het begon allemaal toen de vrouw van bouwerman tijdens het ontbijt altijd wafels bakte. Bill kwam op het idee dat je de zelfde manier ook bij schoenen kan doen zodat de schoenen dan ook lichter worden. Hij maakte een paar stuks met de hand, en zag dat er veel vraag was naar de schoenen. Toen dacht hij er aan met Phill om van China de schoenen te exporteren.Toen begonnen ze met hun bedrijfje. Johnson begon een winkeltje met de geà ¯mporteerde schoenen. Het logo Swoosh werd in 1971 ontworpen en kwam op alle artikelen van Nike. De Moon Shoe is de eerste schoenen collectie werd in 1972 geà ¯ntroduceerd, speciaal gemaakt voor atleten, omdat ze lichte schoenen nodig hadden. De schoenen werden ook verkocht in Verenigde Staten. Toen werd ook de eerste sponsorcontract getekend met de Roemeense tennisster Emma Ballard. Er werden een jaar later ook fabrieken en bedrijven geopend in Taiwan en Zuid-Korea. De eerste air schoenen werden in 1979 gemaakt, de schoenen zijn gevuld met gas zodat je je makkelijker kan bewegen met de schoenen. Vanaf de jaren 80 werd Nike het grootste sportmerk ter wereld. Deelvraag 2: Waar wordt Nike geproduceerd: Nike is Amerikaans, maar laat haar producten vooral in Azià « produceren. Nike wordt geproduceerd in landen waar de productiekosten heel laag liggen en de arbeiders het minimumloon krijgen en zo weinig mogelijk rechten hebben, zoals: Zuid-Korea, Taiwan, Filippijnen en Maleisià «. Later werd ook in Vietnam geproduceerd, omdat Nike nog meer landen zocht met lage lonen, maar de fabrieken werden onderneemt door Zuid -Koreaanse en Taiwanese ondernemers. Nu worden Nike producten vooral geproduceerd in China, Vietnam, Thailand en Indonesià «. Maar voor moeilijkere werk ook in Zuid-Korea en Taiwan en in Cambodja, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Mexico, El Salvador, Dominicaanse Republiek enz De productie van nike wordt op de volgende manier gemaakt: 1 de model wordt eerst ontworpen. 2 dan wordt het uitgewerkt bij onderaannemers. 3 de onderaannemers produceren het product in fabrieken in lage loonlanden zoals: Thailand, Indonesià «, China of Vietnam, de onderdelen van à ©Ãƒ ©n product worden vaak in verschillende landen gemaakt. Nike wordt natuurlijk in heel Europa verkocht, maar de hoofdkantoor van Nike ligt in Oregon in VS en in Europa ligt de Kantoor in Hilversum. In Australià « Nieuw-Zeeland en verschillende Aziatische landen heb je ook een Nike -Kantoor. Deelvraag 3: Is er een verband tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van het merk? Er is wel een verband tussen de globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van het merk Nike. Sommige landen hebben betere eind producten dan andere landen. Doordat ontstaat er concurrentie. De globalisering speelt een rol bij vestigingsfactoren. De globalisering heeft ook invloed op de economie. Als de globalisering zich ontwikkeld dan wordt het economie ook mee ontwikkeld. Zoals we weten heeft Nederland kwalitatieve concurrentiefactoren, zoals op het gebied van arbeid en kwaliteit. Er is een zeer grote verband tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van Nike. Nike is een succesvolle merk dat bekend is over de hele wereld. Het wordt overal verkocht je hebt in veel landen fabrieken die Nike kleding en schoenen produceren de hoofdkantoor ligt in Hilversum, en de verkoophandel gaat heel goed. Zoals u ziet draagt bijna iedereen Nike kleding. Er zijn fabrieken in verschillende landen in Azià « waar Nike kleding wordt gemaakt. mensen kopen steeds meer merk kleding dat komt omdat het steeds pop ulair wordt voor jongeren die een grote belangstelling hebben voor merk kleding. Of sommige mensen willen daar mee laten zien dat hun welvaart goed is en daar door ze het ook kunnen kopen. Deelvraag 4: Wat zijn de gevolgen voor de lokale economie en lokale milieu in de productielanden? De economie wordt juist beter, want er is dan minder werkloosheid in die landen omdat Nike ook een bekend merk is over de hele wereld en goed wordt verkocht wordt er ook meer geproduceerd en stijgt de economie. Zoals je weet is Nike een Amerikaanse merk en in Amerika is de economie niet zo slecht. Jaarlijks wordt er steeds meer verkocht dan er voor, maar er wordt ook in landen in Azià « Nike geproduceerd en in die landen gaat het een stuk minder met de economie. Als de fabrieken de kleding maken, dan kan het milieuvervuiling groter worden. Hoe meer ze kleding produceren hoe meer de fabrieken voor vervuiling zorgen. Gevolgen voor de milieu: Meer fabrieken in een gebied. Meer vervuiling. Meer grondstoffen in een fabriek. Meer grondstofvervuiling. Luchtvervuiling. lucht wordt vervuild door uitlaatgassen en andere gassen. Watervervuiling. is altijd vervuild door afval en fabrieken. Bodemvervuiling. De fabrieken vervuilen de omgeving. Meer fabrieken werden geplaatst op een plek. Omdat er weinig plekken zijn voor de fabrieken. In fabrieken worden producten gemaakt, en bij het maken van producten komen er schadelijke stoffen vrij. En al die stoffen komen in de lucht terecht, daarom wordt er een doorlopentijd gemaakt zodat het product niet schadelijk kan zijn voor ons als we het inademen. Bij die landen waar producten worden geproduceerd is de grond verzilt waardoor er confectiekleding wordt gebruikt tegen die stoffen. De vezels worden gebruikt voor het maken van touw. Het water stonk, het was te vies om te drinken en het was gevaarlijk. De vervuiling was dat er teveel natuurlijke stoffen van de productie in het water kwamen waardoor er een bodemerosie ontstaat. Bodemvervuiling ontstaat doordat de mens zomaar dingen op de grond gooit die hij niet nodig heeft. En daardoor wordt de bodem vervuilt en als het door gaat zal het erger worden. Deelvraag 5: Waarom verkoopt dit merk goed? Nike is een merk dat heel bekend is geworden naar mate de tijd. Dat komt natuurlijk vooral doordat bekende sporters die merk dragen. De Nederlandse elftal loopt in T-shirts van Nike. Veel voetballers, tennissers, atleten, golfers, voetbalelftallen dragen die merk. En vooral nadat de Nike -sneakers kwamen dat heeft er voor gezorgd dat de verkoop met 25% is gaan stijgen ook de winst is hoger geworden dan was verwacht. Het steeg van 261,2 miljoen dollar naar 326,8 miljoen dollar. De aandelen stegen natuurlijk ook mee van 0,98 dollarcent naar 1,21 dollar. Nike heeft Adidas als de grote concurrent, vooral nadat Adidas-Reebok kwam is de concurrentie nog meer geworden. Puma, Asics en Fila zijn 3 andere merken die het ook moeilijk maken voor Nike. Nike wordt verkocht onder de namen Nike, Air Jordan en Nike Air. Converse, Bauer en Cole Haan, dat zijn de dochterondernemingen van Nike. De actie van back-to-school seizoen van Chuck Taylor Convers zorgde voor een verkoopstijging van 12% in de VS. Doordat bekende sporters zoals Serena Williams de merk Nike dragen vooral tijdens de olympische spelen is dat een steeds betere succes voor Nike. Een paar namen die worden gesponsord en een contract hebben met Nike: Ronaldinho, Tiger Woods, Roger Federer en Michael Jordan. Ook Fc Barcelona, Real Madrid, Juventus, Manchester United en PSV. Nike heeft over de hele wereld 26.700 werknemers in dienst.In 2006 heeft Nike een winst gemaakt van 15 miljard dollar. Zo kun je zien dat het wel goed gaat met het bedrijf. Hoofdvraag: Is Nike de Belangrijkste merk op de markt? Als we ons meer gaan richten op de sportmerken dan is Nike à ©Ãƒ ©n van de topmerken over de hele wereld. Dat komt natuurlijk vooral doordat bekende sporters die merk dragen. De Nederlandse elftal loopt in T-shirts van Nike. Veel voetballers, tennissers, atleten, golfers, voetbalelftallen dragen die merk. Er is een zeer grote verband tussen globalisering en de verkoopcijfers van Nike. Nike is een succesvolle merk dat bekend is over de hele wereld. Zon wereldberoemd merk als Nike word al snel door vele mensen gedragen. Vanaf de jaren 80 werd Nike het grootste sportmerk ter wereld. Nike heeft Adidas als de grote concurrent, vooral nadat Adidas-Reebok kwam is de concurrentie nog meer geworden. Puma, Asics en Fila zijn 3 andere merken die het ook moeilijk maken voor Nike.

My Pet :: essays papers

My Pet Would you like to live a happy and productive life? Then get pets! I must admit it is hard to believe that domesticated animals can promote mental and physical health, but many studies have shown that they can. On the other hand, you must find a pet that is compatible with you or with your life style. Maintaining good mental health is crucial for living a "normal" life. Many psychiatrists have found that patients with anger management problems can be calmer with a pet around the house. Sometimes, just the feel of a pet in the house can do wonders on the nerves and eliminate certain aggravation. I have found that having multiple pets around can be difficult, but with the hard work comes satisfaction and happiness. Personally, I own two turtles, one dog and one fish; my two turtles are in one tank, so they have company! In my fish tank, there is a predatory fish, which would endanger any other fish if I put more in the tank. Separating animals that could do harm to each other is a good method for ensuring their safety. In addition, you must remember to spend an equal amount of time with your pets†¦ even your fish, so one pet does not get jealous of the other. Many give their beloved companions names such as people Stanley, Buddy, and Mikey. By giving pets human names people feel more connected and comfortable around their animal friends. My dog’s name is Bishop, my two turtles names are Squirmy and Mojo and my fish’s name is Mr. Fish. My roommate named the dog and I named the fish because of the way they are Mojo because he’s the bigger one and Squirmy because he can never stay still longer than a few seconds. I named my fish Mr. Fish because I couldn’t really think of a good name for him. People some times are extremely attached to their pets; many cater to their every whim. Some people even bring their dogs and cats to pet manicurists and stylists to pamper their pets. This "obsession" with their pets can lead to deep seeded pain and anguish when a pet passes on. I can defenatly agree with that even if its not death and it’s a disappearance of an animal.

Characters, Symbolism, and Themes in The Lord of The Flies Essay

The Lord of the Flies is a story about a stranded group of boys on a deserted island after their plane crashes. It is about an adventure at the start of a new World War. The boys try to create a society by selecting a leader and doing everything they can to survive. It is all a game without adult supervision until the island becomes a nightmare and their imaginations come to life. Everything becomes more realistic when the twins, Sam and Eric, find the body of the dead parachutist hanging from a tree on the island. Then the boys declare that there is some type of beast on the island and they must kill it to stay alive. Soon the boys turn on each other and kill Simon because he is mistaken for the beast. Jack then, takes over the group of boys and hunts down Piggy and Ralph. Then Roger pushes a boulder off the cliff and kills Piggy. The boys follow Ralph, which is the main character and the boys began to set the jungle on fire in attempt to smoke Ralph out. Ralph then discovers that h e is back on the beach after collapsing from exhaustion. After looking up, he then finds a Naval officer standing over him. The officer saw the raging fire in the jungle from his ship at sea. Overwhelmingly Ralph explains what happened to the officer. He and the boys begin to cry because they realize that they are finally being rescued and are going home. Symbolism is shown throughout the story, by the little things like the conch shell and Piggy’s glasses. The pig’s head is a huge symbol, showing that the boys believe in a power of evil. In this book the main theme is civilization vs. savagery. The boys lose their civilized being and innocence ways as they become savages and kill Simon and Piggy. In The Lord of The Flies, Golding analyzes characters, ... ...Cathy Falk. Vol. 58. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. Slayton, Paul. "Teaching Rationale for William Golding's Lord of the Flies." Censored Books: Critical Viewpoints. Ed. Nicholas J. Karolides, Lee Burress, and John M. Kean. The Scarecrow Press, Inc, 1993. 351-357. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. SparkNotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb 2012. 98. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. Townsend, R. C. "Lord of the Flies': Fool's Gold." The Journal of General Education. Vol. 16. University Park, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1964. 153-160. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 58. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Jan. 2012.

Critical Review My Place

CRITICAL REVIEW: MY PLACE, SALLY MORGAN Sally Morgan's My Place, published in 1987, is an autobiography about finding her Aboriginal roots and her identity with the focus on the lives of three generations of Australian Aborigines. Sally’s family never talked about their past and she was brought up thinking she was Indian. But she always felt different than her friends, their way of living was not the same, so her curiosity led her to realizing that she is Aborigine. And then her quest for knowledge of her past begins. My Place is actually a novel about woman’s search to find herself and her place in Australian society. The main themes are discrimination, racism and Aboriginal culture. They are presented through two different versions of autobiographical writing. One is Sally’s first person narration, which is more Western autobiographical and it focuses more on her individual quest to find her identity. The other focuses on the Aboriginal life and more on the community and family life of Aborigines. The novel has 32 chapters, which are divided into four parts: Sally’s narration about her early life, education, family relationship, her perception of herself and her self-discovery; Arthur Corunna’s story, he is a brother of Sally’s grandmother; her mother’s Glady’s story and her grandmother Daisy’s story. Their stories focus on their life when they lived in Aboriginal society. The whole book is a combination of narration, dialogues, descriptions, stories within stories, anecdotes, and personal reminiscences from various characters and also humour. All that provides balance and harmony to the book. The book is easy to read, the language is quite simple, descriptions of the nature are really specific and with the use of metaphors, symbolism and personification, the reader gets a vivid picture of the place that is described. However the first part, where Sally describes her childhood is a little bit boring, because there are mostly descriptions and details about things not relevant to the theme of the book. But when she starts to investigate her family roots with her constant attempt to get some answers from her mother and grandmother, the book becomes more interesting. The parts where her family talks about their life are very emotional, the reader gets an insight into their hard life as being black in the â€Å"white world†. Before Sally’s book, not much was known about the Aboriginal life. She writes about the contact of two different cultures, Aboriginal and Western, so we get in touch with their history, their habits, way of thinking, historical background, injustice and struggles they had to fight. Other people always treated them as something less and because all the bad things that happened to them, they decided not to speak about it, they were forced to be silent. There are still a lot of secrets, that are not revealed in the book, because they are too afraid to speak about them, but we get to know some important information about their past from the people who wrote history on their own skin. So this is a really important book for Australian and Aboriginal culture, because it opens some important questions about racism and discrimination. ANA FURLAN

Chris Character Essay

â€Å"All My Sons† is considered Miller’s most famous play. The play is an assertion of the need for the individual to accept full responsibility for his actions, to acknowledge the reality of a world in which the idea of brotherhood is an active principle rather than simple piety. It is to be regarded as a sever attack on materialism which stands at odds with human values, on a war-profiteer’s drive for profits based on an ethic that Familial obligations should come first, even at the expense of his social responsibilities and obligations. The title of the play is very significant; since it indicate one of the most important subsidiary themes of the play, namely â€Å"the father-son relationship†. As we have said before the main theme of the play has to deal with the importance of a Man’s social responsibility as compared to his responsibility towards his family. This main theme is very related, even interwoven, with the conflict that might arise between a son’s duty towards his father and his own moral duty towards his society. Perhaps, a close examination of the character of Chris Keller and his relation to his father would make this point even clearer. As the play opens, we are immediately made to realize how Chris highly regards his father and the depth of his affection for him that he comes to believe that he (his father) is a perfect and ideal person. This fact has been affirmed when his mother-Kate- expresses her worries about George’s – Steve Deveer’s son- purpose in paying a visit to their house. She is quite sure that the later -being a lawyer now- intends to open the case of his father again. Chris affirms her † you’re silly; what’s there to be afraid of†; which clearly indicate his high regard of his father and his complete awareness of his innocence. And when his mother affirms that â€Å"to his last day in court Steve never gave up the idea that Dad made him do it† and that â€Å"if they are going to open the case again† she â€Å"won’t live through it† Chris assures her that he would stand by her and his father in a very determinant manner: â€Å"George is just a damn fool, Mother, how can you take him seriously†. Later on, as George tries to convince Chris that the later’s father is the real culprit, Chris refuses to believe his accusations against his father: Chris: on his [Steve Deveer] own. And because he is a frightened mouse this is another thing he’d done through the blame on somebody else because he’s not man enough to take it himself. He tried it in the court, but it did not work, but with fools like you [George] it works. Matter-of-fact, Chris idealistic streak is indeed the key feature towards a clear-cut revelation of his character. This idealism has been manifested in more than one occasion. First, as he was explaining to Ann the reason why he has delayed his confession of Love for her, he attribute it to his own feeling of guilt at the thought that all the men under his command had died when he himself survived. He even feels even guiltier when he finds that the world has not changed as a consequence of the War, as it retains its very selfish and callous attitudes as it used to be before the War: Chris: †¦ they [the young soldiers under his command] didn’t die; they killed themselves for each other. I mean that exactly; a little more selfish and they’d’ve been here today†¦ And then I came home and it was incredible. I – there was no meaning in it here; the whole thing to them [the American society] was a kind of a-bus accident†¦ Because no body was changed at all†¦ I felt wrong to be alive, to open a bank-book, to drive the new car†¦ † Elsewhere, Chris idealism finds expression in his feeling surprised and shocked by the revelation that his father was the real culprit in the matter of supplying defective cylinder heads to the air force, after his confrontation with his mother about Ann’s stay in their house, which has developed to its peak that Kate affirms him that his father had really been guilty: Kate: †¦ your brother is alive, darling, because if he’s dead, your father killed him. Do you understand me now? As long as you live, that boy is alive. God does not let a son be killed by his father. As his father tries to defend himself, affirming that Larry â€Å"never flew a P-40† Chris idealism has been asserted once more. He affirms his father that he seems to be living in an altogether different world from the one in which other people are living. Even when his father affirms that he had supplied defective equipment to the air forces for his (Chris) sake: â€Å"Chris†¦ Chris, I did it for you, it was a chance and I took it for you. I’m sixty-one years old, when would I have another chance to make something for you? Sixty-one years old you don’t get another chance, do ya? Chris condemn his father’s causes and his complete lake of social responsibility; saying; â€Å"For me! Where do you live, where have you come from? For me! I was dying everyday and you were killing my boys and you did it for me? What the hell do you think I was thinking of, the goddam business?†¦ Don’t you have a country? Don’t you live in a world? Elsewhere, Chris’s idealism has been manifested as he tells Ann that during the fight there used to be a sense of honor between all soldiers, which forced them to behave in an honorable manner. But now he comes to realize that: â€Å"this is the land of the great big dogs, you do not love a man here, you eat him! That’s the principle, the only one we live by- it just happened to kill few people this time that’s all. The world’s that’s way, how can I take it out on him†. That’s to say he believes that the main principle governing life is to pursue self-interest, even at the expense of others. Chris’s shock, as he himself explain it later, results from the fact that he is really convinced that his father â€Å"is no worse than most men, but [he had] thought [his father] to be a better man than most†. This shock caused a sever kind of internal conflict inside him between his Idealism and Practicality, to the extend that towards the end of the play he admits to his mother and Ann that his idealism had left him and that he has now become a practical man who does not have the courage to force his father to face the consequences of his guilt. He further affirms them that he is no longer â€Å"human† and that his now like every body else. Referring to his father, Chris tells his mother â€Å"I could jail him, if I were human any more†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"I’m practical now. You made me practical†. As his mother tries to convince him that there is nothing wrong in being practical; Chris replies that even cats in the streets are practical, and the cowards who ran away from the battlefield during the war were practical. That’s to say for Chris practicality is the word which unworthy people use to justify their own selfish attitudes: † But I’m practical and I spit on myself†. It is worthy of note that â€Å"much of the success of â€Å"All My Sons† has been due to Miller’s complex vision of Keller’s shared guilt and each’s contribution to this family collapse. That’s to say Miller was keen to affirm that Joe Keller is not solely responsible for his family troubles, and ultimate disaster†. Chris, also, is responsible for his family’s dilemma. Though he adopts a highly moral tone, he was only trying to escape his own sense of guilt. Having watching the heroic young men under his command die selflessly in the battle to save their comrades, Chris feels guilty for failing them and surviving the war. So when he was given a chance to escape his anguish, he tries to find relief out of his sense of guilt; in the form of contempt for his father’s criminal act, on the hope that by destroying his father he can some how escape his own sins and his own personal torment. His father, thus, becomes his scapegoat. It is hard, therefore, not to see and condemn the hypocrisy behind the zeal that leads to Keller’s Suicide. His motives are purely selfish. We all know that his words ring hollow because he has long suspected his father’s guilt, but deliberately avoided confronting the truth-again for purely selfish motives: at some level Chris fears that if he allows himself to see his father’s human imperfection, he will also have to realize his own limitations- and his experience in the war make him dread that confrontation.